Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

More documents

Recommendations

Info

EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Technology Variant T&D Application Size* kW Pulse Type II Capacitors Pulse Type II Capacitors ($/kW) Traction Type III Capacitors Traction Type III Capacitors ($/kw) Pulse Type II Capacitors Pulse Type II Capacitors ($/kW) Mini FACTs Controller Mini FACTs Controller Battery-less Substation UPS Battery-less Substation UPS Support of Substation High-Inrush Loads Support of Substation High-Inrush Loads Stg Capacity kW-hours A. Power- Related Equipment Cost B. Energy- Related Equipment Cost Table 5 Summary of system costs by application and variation of technology The following is an explanation of benefits in each application: C. Installation- Related Cost Total Capital Costs (A + B+ C) Annual Estimated O&M Costs 3000 1.67 $270,000 $180,000 $180,000 $630,000 $87,627 3000 1.67 $0.09 $0.06 $0.06 $0.21 $0.03 25 0.139 $11,000 $11,000 $3,300 $25,300 $4,594 25 0.139 $0.44 $0.44 $0.13 $1.01 $0.18 36 0.060 $1,830 $7,320 $1,373 $10,523 $407 36 0.060 $0.07 $0.20 $0.04 $0.29 $0.01 *Note: Capacitor modules are connected in series to achieve the operating voltage and in parallel for increased current capacity and use dc to dc boost converters to achieve the higher voltages needed for a distribution level voltage interface. Mini-FACTS Controller - The major benefits associated with grid stabilization, via the mini FACTS, includes VAR control to maintain power flow and voltage stability, and to increase capacity of the T&D system. Grid voltage stabilization, providing fast VAR or watts, can enhance frequency, power flow and voltage stability, and increase power throughput of the T&D. This will increase asset utilization and in some cases defer capital investments for T&D upgrades. This benefit or cost savings is highly site dependent. For illustration purposes it has been estimated at $500/day for this single feeder case. Battery-less Substation UPS – In this case the benefit was estimated by the life-cycle costs of the UPS/standby generator with the electrochemical capacitors compared to the same UPS/standby generator with a conventional lead-acid battery. Included in the benefit is a savings in space, $25/sqft per year, assuming that the capacitor will be in an outdoor package. Also included is two battery replacements in 20 years compared to one capacitor replacement. As can be seen, the capacitor application is not currently cost competitive with batteries. However the cost tend of batteries, assumed to be level, compared to electrochemical capacitors, which are going down, indicates that there will be a crossover where battery-less will be more economic in near future. Support of Substation High-Inrush Loads – This application raises some interesting questions for future design of station battery systems. As in other applications the benefits will be very site specific and will depend on the individual utility practices. The benefit calculation in this case assumed a 50% reduction in the battery size. In this case the substation battery was estimated $36k, two parallel (redundant) strings at 250 AH and 120Vdc each. There for the savings was assumed to be $18k. Additional benefits of $500 per year were assumed based on space freed up in the control house. There was not consideration for any differences in operating efficiency. Both the battery and the capacitor are assumed to be replaced after 10 years, or once in a 20-year life. Table 6 shows the costs and benefits for each application, per kilowatt costs, as well as cost benefit ratios. What is not included in the table is the opportunity for making these applications. For example the mini FACTS benefits are highly site and utility specific, and only a few such applications are likely to available to any one utility. Substation Electrochemical Capacitors 52
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material UPS is limited to 10% or less of all substations. The opportunity for battery size reduction will vary greatly with at utility practices in battery sizing, voltage levels and types of equipment. On the other hand this may be the most significant application because of the large number of substations that have station batteries. Technology Variant T&D Application Size* kW Stg Capacity kW-hours NPV(Costs) NPV(Benefits) NPV (Total) Benefit/Cost Ratio Pulse Type II or Type III Capacitors Pulse Type II or Type III ($/kW) Traction Type III Capacitors Traction Type III Capacitors ($/kw) Pulse Type II or Type III Capacitors Pulse Type II or Type III ($/kW) Table 6 Cost/Benefit Comparison Based on NPV Assessment. References [1] Evaluation of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage for San Diego Gas & Electric. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. Report TR-106286. [2] Benefit of Static Compensator (STATCOM) plus Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) in the Transmission Network Presented At; Spring 2001 Energy Storage Association Meeting April 26-27,Chattanooga, Tennessee by S. Macdonald, L. Kovalsky [3] System to Improve Voltage Stability, S.Kolluri, Senior Member, IEEE, Entergy Services Inc, New Orleans, LA. [4] Model Validation and Analysis of WSCC System Oscillations following Alberta Separation on August 4, 2000, Final Report January 25, 2000. [5] An Assessment of Distribution System Power Quality, Volume 2: Statistical Summary Report, EPRI Palo Alto California, January 1996, Report TR-106294. Bibliography Mini FACTs Controller Mini FACTs Controller Battery-less Substation UPS Battery-less Substation UPS Support of Substation High-Inrush Loads Support of Substation High-Inrush Loads 3000 1.67 $1,882,260 $2,274,353 $392,093 1.2 3000 1.67 $0.63 $0.76 $0.13 N/A 25 0.139 $93,451 $90,512 ($2,938) 0.97 25 0.139 $3.74 $3.62 ($0.12) N/A 36 0.060 $20,083 $36,387 $16,303 1.8 36 0.060 $0.56 $1.01 $0.45 N/A *Note: Capacitor modules are connected in series to achieve the operating voltage and in parallel for increased current capacity and use dc to dc boost converters to achieve the higher voltages needed for a distribution level voltage interface. B. E. Conway, Electrochemical Supercapacitors, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers (1999) F.M. Delnick, X. Andrieu, K. Naoi, and D. Ingersoll, Editors, Electrochemical Capacitors, A Proceedings 1996 San Antonio, Texas Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, The Electrochemical Society, (October 1996) R. Brodd, et al., Editors, Electrochemical Capacitors, A Proceedings from the 201 st Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, The Electrochemical Society, (May 2002) Electrochemical Capacitors 53
Page 1:
Handbook of Energy Storage for Tran
Page 4 and 5:
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITA
Page 7:
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 10 and 11:
Vanadium Redox Battery 2
Page 12 and 13:
Page 14 and 15:
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Regenesys Electricity Storage Techn
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
The status of sodium sulfur batteri
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232: EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 281: EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 300: About EPRI EPRI creates science and
show all

Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?