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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material energy storage with a FACTS controller in damping low frequency oscillation that could not have been achieved with the STATCOM plus post oscillation damping (POD) alone. "The results illustrate that a STATCOM alone (i.e. no POD) will regulate voltage in the post contingency period but will not naturally add much damping to power oscillations. The STATCOM with POD signal applied to its voltage reference may damp swing oscillations following a disturbance however this is achieved at the expense of voltage regulation. The combination of STATCOM plus SMES with POD modulating the SMES output will allow the system to both regulate voltage and provide oscillation damping." [2] Figure 20 Damping of Post Fault Oscillation with and without Energy Storage The use of large-scale (100 MVAR or more) FACTS controllers to provide dynamic reactive compensation has already been demonstrated through several landmark projects. However, because of high initial cost, the alternative of a smaller scale, modularized, distributed real, and reactive VAR injection has recently received considerable attention. The key to this application is the injection of real energy storage to maintain the speed of motors, which in turn reduces the inrush current for feeders heavily loaded with motor loads. This minimizes bus voltage depression and thus helps with both rotor angle and voltage stability. By providing a critical boost to the system both during faults and following the clearing of faults helps avert instability. This type of distributed dynamic reactive compensation with energy storage is particularly suitable for solving transient voltage stability problems in a weak portion of the network with a high concentration of induction motor loads during peak loading conditions. The advantage of energy storage under these conditions is mainly in reducing the maximum transient voltage dip, which is a measure of the dynamic performance of the system [3]. Based on Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC) criteria as shown in Figure 21, the voltage at any load bus should not dip below 20% of the initial value for more than 20 cycles. Electrochemical Capacitors 42
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material U D E Initial Voltage Post Transient Voltage Deviation M A G N I T e ∆V2 From Post Transient Power Flow Study A G E Time duration of Voltage Dip exceeding 20% B U S V O L T 20% Voltage Dip Fault Cleared Maximum Transient Voltage Dip Maximum Transient Voltage Dip (%) = _______________ ∆V2 Initial Voltage x 100% 0 10 1 to 3 Seconds Seconds Minutes TIME Figure 21 Voltage Performance Parameters from WSCC Estimating the total portion of induction motor loads is becoming a critical issue for power system stability. This was recognized in a study conducted for model validation and analysis of WSCC System Oscillations following the Alberta Separation on August 4, 2000. Figure 22 shows the modeling result of the system oscillation following the separation for different percentages of induction motor loads. Based on this study, one of the recommendations was to increase the portion of induction motor load representation in selected areas for future system stability study models. 1.085 1.08 1.075 1.07 1.065 1.06 1.055 1.05 30% induction m otors 1.045 40% induction m otors 45% induction m otors 1.04 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Figure 22 Impacts of Induction Motors on System Oscillation [4] Combining electrochemical capacitor energy storage with appropriate bi-directional electronic power conversion provides a legitimate distributed mini-FACTS controller. Figure 23 shows a conceptual block diagram of the electrochemical, capacitor-based mini FACTS controller system. This system may be controlled to act as a stabilizer for Electrochemical Capacitors 43
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Handbook of Energy Storage for Tran
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