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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Figure 9 Samples of NEC Tokin products NESS NESS electrochemical capacitor technology is a spin-off from the Korean DAEWOO Group in 1998. They have rapidly created a broad product line of electrochemical capacitors and developed automated capacitor manufacturing capability. NESS capacitors include type II products with a spiral wound cell construction. Their first commercial shipment of capacitors to the US market was in mid-2000. NESS presently makes cells up to 5000 farads in size, some rated at 2.7 V, among the highest voltage ratings available. Their larger capacitor cells have prismatic packages for efficient stacking in modules. NESS recently introduced a 42-V capacitor module for the emerging automotive market. NESS capacitor products are available from their Korean home office. Figure 10 NESS CAP 5000 F, 2.7 V (six inch ruler also shown) Okamura Laboratory, Inc. (ECaSS) Capacitor systems based on an Okamura Lab design approach consist of large electrochemical capacitors with active electronic voltage control. These have been reported at professional meetings and were recently presented in the company web site. The distinguishing feature is that active voltage control is integral to the capacitor system Electrochemical Capacitors 30
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material and only operates to adjust the maximum charging voltage of individual cells, a technique called monitoring and initializing. The advantage is that the adjusting current for each capacitor cell will converge to the level of the leakage current, which is negligible in terms of energy consumption. The Okamura Laboratory is located in Japan and does not sell capacitors directly. They partner with other capacitor manufactures, apply their design expertise to the cell design, and then add active controls to modules. The individual capacitor cells are typically prismatic geometry, of type II design, and do not contain acetonitrile in the electrolyte. Okamura has reported that a number of their systems are in use for demonstration projects associated with vehicular and UPS applications at several hundred volts. Figure 24 shows three of their manufacturing partner’s products. Figure 11 ECaSS commercial capacitors, from left, Nissan Diesel (346Vdc, 35F, 6.3Wh/kg), Shizuki Electric “Faradcap” (FML-2A, 54V, 75F, 30Wh), Power Systems (HO2A, 54V, 65F, 6.5Wh/kg) Panasonic The Panasonic "Goldcap" capacitor, introduced in 1978, was initially developed for memory backup applications to replace the unreliable coin cell batteries in use at that time. It was not until the 1990s that Panasonic began manufacturing much larger electrochemical capacitor prototypes in Japan. In 1999 Panasonic introduced their UpCap capacitor for transportation applications, such as needed for hybrid vehicles. One version of the UpCap is rated at 2000 farads and 2.5 V. It is a type II device that has been very well engineered. It uses a sophisticated double-seal arrangement in the crimped package, a lower cost approach than welded construction for preventing water entry into the package. It has essentially many tabs to the spiral-wound foils at each end of the package, which helps in reducing the series resistance. Furthermore, this arrangement helps to extract internally generated heat, which is important for applications like a hybrid vehicles where there are continuous repetitive charge/discharge cycles. The UpCap is currently available in high-power and high-energy versions, and under evaluation for many applications. These products are available from Panasonic Automotive Electronics Company in Southfield, Michigan. Electrochemical Capacitors 31
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