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same stacks in a 250 kW / 8 hour system in Moab, Utah in a project sponsored by
PacifiCorp.
Vantech also intends to develop VRB systems for the wind industry to provide load
shifting and system stability. They were awarded a contract to install a 200 kW / 4 hour
VRB for Hydro Tasmania at their King Island windplant. The system will be used to
stabilize windfarm fluctuations and maximize energy production.
2.4. Cellenium Company, Ltd.
Cellennium was originally involved in the development of the VRB under the company
name Thai Gypsum that, in 1995, demonstrated an early battery in a solar photovoltaic
application. In its current corporate form, the company is not a licensee of the Pinnacle
technology, and it is unique among the developers in its approach to the marketplace.
The company is pursuing three separate vanadium technologies:
• a 1 kW battery with a unique “series” flow design and biomass application;
• a technique for dissolving vanadium pentoxide in acid to produce electrolyte; and
• a power conversion technology that uses the VRB stack design.
Cellenium is headquartered in Thailand with subsidiaries in US and Europe. Research is
conducted by a variety of organizations in the US (Washington and Arizona), Sweden,
Italy, Switzerland, and Thailand. Several million dollars of private investment has
funded its development activities, and an additional $5-10M will be required for
commercialization over the next two years.
Unlike the Pinnacle technology, Cellenium uses a unique series flow through its stacks as
illustrated in Figure 6. This design virtually eliminates shunt currents and ensures that
each cell has the same flow rate, however each cell operates at a different voltage, unlike
parallel flow designs.
Figure 7
Cellenium Series Flow Design
Vanadium Redox Battery 18