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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material ECOND The ECOND capacitor made in Moscow, Russia, has bipolar construction with KOH electrolyte. It is a cylinder approximately nine inches in diameter, and, depending on energy, a height from several inches up to more that two feet. Capacitor energies range up to 45 kJ in size. Equivalent series resistances are typically in the milliohm range. Voltages up to 200 V are common. Their RC time constant is below one second, considerably less than many competitive products. This capacitor technology has not changed significantly from when it was first described in the US in 1993. ECOND products have been used in many demonstration systems including diesel truck starting and in hybrid electric vehicles. ECOND capacitors were used in the first largescale hybrid bus demonstration in North America that had capacitor energy storage. This 40-ft-long city transit bus was a gas/electric hybrid system that contained a 1.5 MJ, 400 V capacitor system. ECOND capacitors are available from their North American distributor, Tavrima Canada, Inc. Figure 4 ECOND capacitor 60F, 16V (six inch ruler also shown) ELIT The ELIT Company started operation in 1990 in Kursk, Russia. Their early devices were designed to power wheel chairs and subsequently for children’s toy cars. ELIT has concentrated on carbon-carbon electrochemical capacitors, which led to the development of a broad line of type I products having significant sales volume in the US. Capacitors with voltages as high as 400 V are now available. A reader’s letter to Battery International from Alexey Beliakov in early 1993 corrected information in an earlier issue by pointing out the existence of their large electrochemical capacitors. Pictures of 30 and 50 kJ, 12 and 24 V capacitors were shown. He described the testing they had done on such capacitors and mentioned delivery of 600 kJ capacitor systems. Capacitors of such size and sophistication were totally unheard of at that time in the US. The complete line of ELIT capacitor products is available from their factory in Kursk, Russia. Electrochemical Capacitors 26
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Figure 5 Elit capacitor 0.8 F, 310 V, 19 kg (six inch ruler also shown) EPCOS EPCOS licensed electrochemical capacitor technology from Maxwell Technologies in the late 1990’s and offered identical products to the European market for several years. They now have developed a new family of products, which range from 1000 F to 5000 F at 2.3 V or 2.5 V. EPCOS capacitors are type II products with accordion-fold carbon cloth or, for the new family, spiral-wound pasted carbon construction. Some contain acetonitrile in their electrolyte. Some have both terminals at one end of the package, but their newer products have a terminal at each end. EPCOS capacitors (of this new design only) are available in North America through their Munich, Germany office. Figure 6 EPCOS family of EC capacitors and modules from 5000F at 2.5V to 150F at 42 V ESMA ESMA products were first described in the US during a conference presentation in 1997. Photographs of buses and trucks that were powered solely by electrochemical capacitors were shown. Many members of the audience missed the point that these vehicles actually had no batteries or an engine, only capacitor energy storage. These vehicles stored approximately 30 MJ of energy in capacitors, perhaps the largest-size capacitor system Electrochemical Capacitors 27
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