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Figure 32 Type II design, 2500F capacitor demonstrates dynamic characteristics of
increased capacity with reduced loading and longer discharge times. ..................... 61
Figure 33 Comparison of type I and type III electrochemical capacitor energy calculation
................................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 34 Energy and power relationship for series RC and actual electrochemical
capacitor.................................................................................................................... 64
Figure 35 Histogram of individual capacitor voltages in a hypothetical series-connected
string. ........................................................................................................................ 65
Figure 36 Yield for electrochemical capacitors from two different manufacturing
distributions............................................................................................................... 66
Figure 37 Possible failure mode scenario for Type I electrochemical capacitors ............ 66
Figure 38 Common failure mode scenario for Type II electrochemical capacitors ......... 67
Figure 39 Common failure mode scenario for Type III electrochemical capacitors ........ 67
Figure 40 Life performance – capacitance loss as a function of time and temperature
(NEC symmetric, aqueous design type).................................................................... 67
Figure 41 Life Performance – Weibull Analysis (NEC Design type I)............................ 68
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Fundamental equations for all capacitors including electrochemical capacitors... 9
Table 2 Comparison of functionality of electrochemical capacitor designs..................... 11
Table 3 Manufacturers of Large Capacitor Products........................................................ 25
Table 4 Comparison of batteries. electrochemical capacitor characteristics to lead-acid
batteries..................................................................................................................... 38
Table 5 Summary of system costs by application and variation of technology ............... 52
Table 6 Cost/Benefit Comparison Based on NPV Assessment........................................ 53
Electrochemical Capacitors
vi