Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Construction of a flooded electrochemical capacitor with a double-layer........ 10
Figure 2 Energy and power relationships for several large electrochemical capacitors (i.e.,
Ragone plots) ............................................................................................................ 15
Figure 3 Pulsed Ragone plot for several large electrochemical capacitors ..................... 16
Figure 4 ECOND capacitor 60F, 16V (six inch ruler also shown)................................... 26
Figure 5 Elit capacitor 0.8 F, 310 V, 19 kg (six inch ruler also shown)........................... 27
Figure 6 EPCOS family of EC capacitors and modules from 5000F at 2.5V to 150F at 42
V................................................................................................................................ 27
Figure 7 ESMA 10 cell module 1000F @ 14.5V (six inch ruler also shown)................. 28
Figure 8 Maxwell Capacitor 2700F, 2.5 V ....................................................................... 29
Figure 9 Samples of NEC Tokin products........................................................................ 30
Figure 10 NESS CAP 5000 F, 2.7 V (six inch ruler also shown)..................................... 30
Figure 11 ECaSS commercial capacitors, from left, Nissan Diesel (346Vdc, 35F,
6.3Wh/kg), Shizuki Electric “Faradcap” (FML-2A, 54V, 75F, 30Wh), Power
Systems (HO2A, 54V, 65F, 6.5Wh/kg).................................................................... 31
Figure 12 Panasonic 2000 F, 2.3 V (six-inch ruler also shown)....................................... 32
Figure 13 Saft 3200 F, 2.5 V (six-inch ruler also shown) ................................................ 32
Figure 14 Hypothetical Ragone plots for battery and electrochemical capacitor............. 36
Figure 15 Comparison of physical packages of 12-V, 83A-hour, lead-acid cranking type
battery (Delco 1150) and 42-V, 220 kJ, pulse type electrochemical capacitor (ESMA
30EC402) .................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 16 Comparison of Capacitor and Battery discharge and charge characteristics ... 37
Figure 17 Specific power in watts per kilogram versus discharge time to end voltage in
seconds...................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 18 Specific energy in kiloJoules per kilogram versus discharge time to end voltage
in seconds.................................................................................................................. 39
Figure 19 Loss of capacitor VAR output as a function of line voltage ............................ 41
Figure 20 Damping of Post Fault Oscillation with and without Energy Storage ............. 42
Figure 21 Voltage Performance Parameters from WSCC................................................ 43
Figure 22 Impacts of Induction Motors on System Oscillation [4] .................................. 43
Figure 23 Concept of Electrochemical capacitor-Based Mini-FACTS controllers Coupled
to Utility Grid............................................................................................................ 44
Figure 24 Typical Interruption and Sag Rates as a Function of Voltage Magnitude ....... 46
Figure 25 Generic Circuit Configuration for a Substation Bridging Power System ........ 46
Figure 26 Capacitor System, ~2MJ, 133kW for 15-seconds, energy delivered from dc to
dc converters at 600 Vdc, from 9 42Vdc, 220 F Modules operating from 42 to 21
Vdc............................................................................................................................ 47
Figure 27 Generic Circuit Configuration for a Substation Battery Support System ........ 50
Figure 28 Magnitude of the impedance as a function of frequency for a series-RLC
circuit. ....................................................................................................................... 58
Figure 29 Energy dissipated as a function of power for series RC circuit versus a typical
electrochemical capacitor.......................................................................................... 59
Figure 30 Simple equivalent circuit model showing series resistance and leakage current
terms.......................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 31 Equivalent circuit model for an electrochemical capacitor. ............................. 60
Electrochemical Capacitors
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