Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Table 8 Summary Of Technology Evaluation T&D Application of Plant Environmental Impact Advantages Limitations (Other Than Plant Size) VAR Support Negligible Supply reactive power continuously None Peak Shaving Low emissions, noise Charge during off-peak, Provide real power for extended time, Defer T&D investments Hours of operation limited by plant capacity (MWh) Energy Imbalance Low emissions, noise Supply real power as needed, Support DG and renewables Response time Spinning Reserve Low emissions, noise Available during charging and discharging times Negligible Supplemental Reserve Low emissions, noise Use compressed air for more rapid turbine start Negligible Arbitrage Low emissions, noise Plant operator is free to select best time interval between power purchase and sale Hours of operation limited by plant capacity (MWh) Table 9 CAES Plant Costs For Various Storage Media And Plant Configurations Storage Media for CAES Plant Size (MW e ) Cost for Power-Related Plant Components [25] ($/kW) Cost for the Energy Storage Components [7, 9, 10] ($/kWh) “Typical” Hours of Storage for a Plant Total Cost ($/kW e ) Salt 200 350 1 10 360 Porous Media 200 350 0.10 10 351 Hard Rock (new cavern) Surface Piping 200 350 30 10 650 20 350 30 3 440 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 27
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Operating Cost As a rule of thumb for a “generic” CAES plant, the operating cost per kWh delivered during power generation mode is 0.75 times that of the incremental cost per kWh of off-peak power purchased during the compression mode, plus the cost of the fuel (in $/MMBTU) times 4,000 Btu/kWh generated [2]. Cost of electricity generated ($/kWh) = (0.75) (Incremental cost of electricity purchased, $/kWh) + (Cost of fuel purchased, $/MMBtu) (4,000 Btu/kWh) / (1,000,000 Btu/MMBtu) The factor “0.75” includes the ratio of generated electricity to purchased electricity and the energy lost to pipe friction, air leakage, pressure regulation, and compressor/expander component efficiencies. The heat rate of 4,000 Btu/kWh is typical for an expander-generator set operating without the compressor during the generation mode. Cost information Table 10 shows the typical size, capacity, response time, and capital cost per kW e for hypothetical CAES plants designed for the six T&D applications described in Section 3 (and Tables 7 and 8). The fixed O&M costs for CAES plants are projected to be in the range of $4/kW e to $7/kW e , and the variable O&M costs in the range of $0.001/kWh to $0.002/kWh. In these examples, the fixed and variable O&M costs, the electricity in Vs. out, and the heat rate were chosen to be the same for every plant: • Fixed O&M costs $6.00/kW e per year [17] • Variable O&M costs $0.002/kWh [17] • Electric Input/Output 0.75 [2] • Heat Rate (HHV Btu/kWh) 4,000 [2] Benefits information In this sample benefits analysis, the hypothetical CAES plants designed for the six T&D applications described in Section 3 (and Tables 7, 8, and 10) are analyzed in five situations. It is assumed that a utility is comparing the cost the CAES situations with the alternatives. In each situation, the economic benefit of the CAES plant is compared to the situations listed in Table 11. For each plant, Table 12 shows the assumptions and Table 13 shows the quantifiable benefits of the CAES plants delineated for each application. The quantifiable benefits are presented as net present values for the five situations. The benefits will, of course, depend upon local and site specific conditions associated with each plant type applied to each case. In addition, there are unquantifiable benefits of each application of CAES (e.g., customer satisfaction on power quality, reduced wear and tear from operating equipment near or over limits). Note that for all Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 28
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Handbook of Energy Storage for Tran
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