Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Energy Imbalance (Distributed Resource for Area Control) CAES can provide energy to correct the energy imbalance that results when the supply to a distribution feeder or substation is insufficient to meet the demand or when the demand on a feeder or substation approaches the physical limits of the equipment. CAES generators can help correct such imbalances by supplying power needed during these times. CAES plants can be especially useful when operated in a complementary manner with distributed generation. While the distributed generation unit operates continuously at full power, the CAES plant can store energy when demand is low and supply the intermediate and peaking power. Emergency Spinning Reserve CAES can provide emergency spinning operating reserve. Spinning reserves are generation resources that are energized and synchronized to the grid, responsive to frequency changes, and capable of reaching a specified electric power demand within 10 minutes. A CAES plant can provide spinning reserve capacity greater than its plant size when it is in compression mode and spinning reserve equal to its plant size when it is idle. For example, at a 200-MW e plant, the plant operator can switch from drawing 100-MW e for compression mode to supplying 200-MW e in generation mode in less than 15 minutes; therefore, the grid operator credits the plant with 300 MW e of spinning reserve capacity. Supplemental Reserve CAES can provide supplemental operating reserve. Supplemental reserves are generation resources that do not need to be operating and synchronized, but that can be interconnected and serve demand within about 15 minutes. CAES plants can provide supplemental reserve capacity since they can be brought on-line within 10 minutes (by using the stored compressed air to spin up the turbine rapidly). Arbitrage (Price Hedging) Arbitrage is the purchase of electricity in one market and its sale in the same or another market in order to exploit price differentials during different times of the day. CAES plants allow this operation to occur where the owner of the CAES plant determines the time differential between purchase and sale to maximize the profit. Electric power can be purchased during the night (when electric rates and demand are low) and sold to customers or other utilities during peak hours of the day (when electric rates and demand are high). If the CAES plant owner also owns other generating facilities, the owner might choose to operate these other generating facilities at higher power output during the night to generate the power used by the CAES plant in compression mode instead of purchasing the power. Technology Evaluation Table 7 provides typical parameters for CAES plants designed for the six T&D applications described in Section 3. These six plant designs will be used in later sections to illustrate the typical costs and benefits of applying CAES technology to T&D applications. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 25
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Table 7 Example CAES Plant Performance Characteristics For Various Applications [25], [13] T&D Application of Plant Size (MW e ) Cycle Duration Plant Capacity (MWh) Response Time Duty Cycle Effective Efficiency 1 Yearly Operation (hours/yr) 2 VAR Support 200 MVAR Zero to Continuous Operation Can Be Any Value 1/60 sec Continuous reactive power exchange 99% 8,640 Peak Shaving 20 3 hr 60 1 min Continuous 250 events/ year 85% 750 Energy Imbalance 200 15 min 50 1 sec charge/ discharge 85% 2,000 Spinning Reserve 200 15 min 50 1 min Continuous charge/ discharge 85% 2,000 Supplemental Reserve 200 30 min 100 10 min Continuous charge/ discharge 85% 2,000 Arbitrage 200 10 hr 2,000 15 min 250 events/ year 85% 2,500 NOTES: 1. Effective efficiency is based on the analogy to a battery or pumped hydro plant 2. Assuming a maximum of 360 days of operation and 5 days of downtime for maintenance per year. For the CAES plants designed for the six T&D applications described in Section 3 (and Table 7), Table 8 provides a summary of the technology evaluation. The environmental impacts of CAES plants tend to be low, both aboveground and underground. The advantages generally outweigh the limitations. The cost and financial benefits are considered in the next section. 4. Costs and Benefits The benefits of transmission and distribution (T&D) applications of CAES plants depend on a number of factors, with one of the most critical being cost. Capital Cost The capital cost of a CAES plant is a function of the storage medium, the plant capacity (power), and the energy stored in the storage medium. Table 9 below gives approximate values for the capital cost components of CAES plants as a function of some of the plant variables. For example, the typical plant cost for a 200-MW e CAES system for salt geology is about $360/kW e with a 10-hour discharge storage reservoir. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 26
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