Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

More documents

Recommendations

Info

EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Energy Imbalance (Distributed Resource for Area Control) CAES can provide energy to correct the energy imbalance that results when the supply to a distribution feeder or substation is insufficient to meet the demand or when the demand on a feeder or substation approaches the physical limits of the equipment. CAES generators can help correct such imbalances by supplying power needed during these times. CAES plants can be especially useful when operated in a complementary manner with distributed generation. While the distributed generation unit operates continuously at full power, the CAES plant can store energy when demand is low and supply the intermediate and peaking power. Emergency Spinning Reserve CAES can provide emergency spinning operating reserve. Spinning reserves are generation resources that are energized and synchronized to the grid, responsive to frequency changes, and capable of reaching a specified electric power demand within 10 minutes. A CAES plant can provide spinning reserve capacity greater than its plant size when it is in compression mode and spinning reserve equal to its plant size when it is idle. For example, at a 200-MW e plant, the plant operator can switch from drawing 100-MW e for compression mode to supplying 200-MW e in generation mode in less than 15 minutes; therefore, the grid operator credits the plant with 300 MW e of spinning reserve capacity. Supplemental Reserve CAES can provide supplemental operating reserve. Supplemental reserves are generation resources that do not need to be operating and synchronized, but that can be interconnected and serve demand within about 15 minutes. CAES plants can provide supplemental reserve capacity since they can be brought on-line within 10 minutes (by using the stored compressed air to spin up the turbine rapidly). Arbitrage (Price Hedging) Arbitrage is the purchase of electricity in one market and its sale in the same or another market in order to exploit price differentials during different times of the day. CAES plants allow this operation to occur where the owner of the CAES plant determines the time differential between purchase and sale to maximize the profit. Electric power can be purchased during the night (when electric rates and demand are low) and sold to customers or other utilities during peak hours of the day (when electric rates and demand are high). If the CAES plant owner also owns other generating facilities, the owner might choose to operate these other generating facilities at higher power output during the night to generate the power used by the CAES plant in compression mode instead of purchasing the power. Technology Evaluation Table 7 provides typical parameters for CAES plants designed for the six T&D applications described in Section 3. These six plant designs will be used in later sections to illustrate the typical costs and benefits of applying CAES technology to T&D applications. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 25
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Table 7 Example CAES Plant Performance Characteristics For Various Applications [25], [13] T&D Application of Plant Size (MW e ) Cycle Duration Plant Capacity (MWh) Response Time Duty Cycle Effective Efficiency 1 Yearly Operation (hours/yr) 2 VAR Support 200 MVAR Zero to Continuous Operation Can Be Any Value 1/60 sec Continuous reactive power exchange 99% 8,640 Peak Shaving 20 3 hr 60 1 min Continuous 250 events/ year 85% 750 Energy Imbalance 200 15 min 50 1 sec charge/ discharge 85% 2,000 Spinning Reserve 200 15 min 50 1 min Continuous charge/ discharge 85% 2,000 Supplemental Reserve 200 30 min 100 10 min Continuous charge/ discharge 85% 2,000 Arbitrage 200 10 hr 2,000 15 min 250 events/ year 85% 2,500 NOTES: 1. Effective efficiency is based on the analogy to a battery or pumped hydro plant 2. Assuming a maximum of 360 days of operation and 5 days of downtime for maintenance per year. For the CAES plants designed for the six T&D applications described in Section 3 (and Table 7), Table 8 provides a summary of the technology evaluation. The environmental impacts of CAES plants tend to be low, both aboveground and underground. The advantages generally outweigh the limitations. The cost and financial benefits are considered in the next section. 4. Costs and Benefits The benefits of transmission and distribution (T&D) applications of CAES plants depend on a number of factors, with one of the most critical being cost. Capital Cost The capital cost of a CAES plant is a function of the storage medium, the plant capacity (power), and the energy stored in the storage medium. Table 9 below gives approximate values for the capital cost components of CAES plants as a function of some of the plant variables. For example, the typical plant cost for a 200-MW e CAES system for salt geology is about $360/kW e with a 10-hour discharge storage reservoir. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 26
Page 1:
Handbook of Energy Storage for Tran
Page 4 and 5:
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITA
Page 7:
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 10 and 11:
Vanadium Redox Battery 2
Page 12 and 13:
Page 14 and 15:
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Regenesys Electricity Storage Techn
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
The status of sodium sulfur batteri
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171: EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 219: EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 300:
About EPRI EPRI creates science and
show all

Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?