Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

More documents

Recommendations

Info

EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material proven components, excellent operating flexibility, reliability, and availability, and competitive costs. • Innovative Concept 4 -- There are a number of studies investigating the integration of wind farms with small capacity CAES plants. The concept is to use the wind power (primarily during night hours) to compress the air for storage in above ground piping and/or other pressure vessels. During peak hours of electric demand, the compressed air supplies a combustion turbine to generate electric power for sale at premium prices. Since the compression is independent of the power generation, this hybrid plant can operate continuously to provide base load power in addition to the intermittent peak load. 3. Applications CAES plants designed for specific applications can provide economic benefit to owners and/or operators of power generation facilities, and transmission and distribution (T&D) facilities. The benefits of using a CAES plant to support power generation include the following: • Increase use of generation facilities during off-peak hours (i.e., during the storage plant charging cycle) • Provide ramping, intermediate, and peaking power during the day. • Store nighttime wind energy for delivery during the higher priced daytime hours (a remote wind farm would be an excellent application for CAES since air can be compressed at night when excess wind energy is most available). • Provide frequency regulation (CAES can provide much better frequency control than a baseload power plant). The benefits of using a CAES plant for T&D support include the following: • Provide VAR support (e.g., by operating the CAES plant to supply reactive power in the synchronous condenser mode). A CAES plant can be operated 24 hours a day in the synchronous condenser mode, since it does not require any air from the storage reservoir. • Provide peak shaving to enable deferment of T&D upgrades (e.g., by siting surface-based CAES plants near load centers). This application has a very large benefit-to-cost ratio. • Provide area control to reduce energy imbalances between grid regions. • Provide spinning reserve. This application has twice the spinning reserve capability (MW) during the charging cycle time since the grid operator gets credit for the power off-loaded during the charge cycle in addition to the plant generation capacity. • Provide supplemental reserve. This application has twice the spinning reserve capability (MW) during the charging cycle time since the grid operator gets credit for the power offloaded during the charge cycle in addition to the plant generation capacity. • Provide off-peak-on-peak arbitrage Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 23
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material • Provide ramping power when the demand on a feeder or substation increases at a higher rate than the other generating capacity can ramp. • Absorb excess generating capacity with its compressor during times of rapidly decreasing demand. This application is particularly useful when base nuclear, hydro, or fossil capacity is available at very low prices during off peak time periods. In the classical configuration, a CAES plant needs to be connected to a grid that has access to off-peak charging energy from a power generating plant that is underutilized during the off-peak hours. However, at least one of the advanced CAES cycles uses the plant itself to charge the air storage media. T&D Applications The following describes how CAES plants could be used for six examples of T&D applications. With the ongoing deregulation of the utility industry, the price differential between on- and offpeak electricity is much greater than it used to be. For example, in California during the 2001 energy crisis, the off-peak electricity price was in the range of $10-20/MWh and the on-peak electricity price was in the range of $1,000-5,000/MWh. Finally, it is important to know that one CAES plant can be designed to meet the needs of many of these applications. That is, a plant can provide multiple benefits simultaneously (e.g., peak shaving, spinning reserve, dynamic ramping duty, and arbitrage). VAR Support (Reactive Power Supply) CAES can provide reactive power support and voltage control for the T&D system. The motor/generator can easily be declutched from the expander and compressor system and can be controlled using the exciter to perform synchronous duty operation. As a result, the plant can supply reactive power (plus or negative), voltage control, and voltage support. Peak shaving Like all storage plants that have at least 15 minutes of storage, CAES can provide real power support during peak demand times. Peak shaving allows the utility to generate when the demand is high and avoid purchasing expensive power from the spot market. The peak-shaving concept is to replace expensive energy needed during the peak operating hours (typically 8:00 A.M. to 8:00 P.M.) with inexpensive energy produced and stored off-peak by the CAES plant. In peaking applications, the CAES system is usually operated only during peak demand periods, implying relatively low generating hours (e.g., 500 hours per year) and high avoided-peak-time electricity prices. The potential benefits of CAES in peaking applications include the option to defer investments in additional T&D capacity and the avoided costs of purchasing high-priced electric power during high demand periods. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 24
Page 1:
Handbook of Energy Storage for Tran
Page 4 and 5:
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITA
Page 7:
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 10 and 11:
Vanadium Redox Battery 2
Page 12 and 13:
Page 14 and 15:
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Regenesys Electricity Storage Techn
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
The status of sodium sulfur batteri
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169: EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 217: EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 300:
About EPRI EPRI creates science and
show all

Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?