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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material • Simple open-cycle single-shaft gas turbine • Gas turbine power generator • Steel-finned tube regenerator to preheat the combustion air using exhaust heat recovery • Cooling water system with air-cooled radiator • No NO x reduction equipment Table 5 CAES Field Tests Characteristic Location Japan [21] Italy Pittsfield Sponsor New Energy Foundation ENEL Strata Power, EPRI, Nicor Storage Variable pressure using synthetic lining in concrete shaft put in coal mine tunnel Porous rock Porous sandstone caverns Design parameters 2 MW e 10 hours compression 4 hours generation 1,100 psi 57,000 cubic feet 25 MW e Testing successfully completed to measure and cycle stored compressed air Status On-going project Testing Successful (geologic formation was “disturbed” by a geothermal event and the testing was stopped somewhat prematurely) Testing successful [22] Italy ENEL operated a small 25-MW e CAES research facility plant in Italy using a porous rock storage zone that previously held a carbon dioxide “bubble”. Although the testing was successful, the testing was stopped somewhat prematurely when the geologic formation was “disturbed” by a geothermal event (which was probably induced by a nearby geothermal field extraction process). United States Several parties, including Strata Power, EPRI, Nicor, and U.S. DOE, have tested the porous sandstone caverns in Pittsfield, Illinois to determine the feasibility of the porous rock formations Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 19
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material for holding and cycling compressed air. The tests that EPRI performed at the Pittsfield site (after taking over the project from DOE) indicated that compressed air could be stored and cycled successfully in the St. Peter sandstone underneath the Pittsfield site. However, if air is left in this sandstone for more than three months before it is cycled, the stored air starts to react with local pyrites in the sandstone, causing a reduction in the concentration of oxygen. It has been hypothesized that, at some point, the oxidation process would be self-limiting at the site. Lessons learned During construction and initial operation of the McIntosh and Huntorf plants, the project participants conducted a number of optimization studies and analyses related to various aspects of the CAES plant engineering and operations. The lessons learned – some of them of a conceptual nature and some related to engineering details – have been presented in technical publications [23] and EPRI reports. The generic conceptual findings are summarized as follows: • CAES plants can be built within estimated funds and schedule. • The plants confirmed the expected high efficiency, reliability, availability, and competitive economics. • The underground storage caverns were developed using well-established techniques and were completed on time within budgeted funds. • Careful optimization of the CAES plant design can significantly enhance plant economics. For example, the McIntosh plant was optimized based on specified off-peak and peak hours, off-peak and on-peak power costs, fuel costs, and cost equations describing equipment and storage costs as a function of major cycle parameters. • The recuperator requires a particular care in its design. The so-called Advanced Recuperator [11] is used to prevent the tubes from operating at temperatures below the dew point. • Underground storage reservoirs can achieve negligible leak rates. • The negligible amount of sodium chloride in the compressed air drawn from salt caverns does not cause corrosion problems in the aboveground turbomachinery equipment. • The role of the house engineer involved in the CAES project is very important because there is no standard CAES plant. To minimize plant costs and to enhance the plant performance and operations, the house engineer should integrate and optimize the aboveground and underground components and systems for the specific site conditions and economic parameters of the plant owner. • CAES plants can be constructed using commercially available equipment; mainly components developed for the combustion turbine and oil/gas industries over that last 50 years. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 20
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Handbook of Energy Storage for Tran
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