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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Other Ongoing Development Efforts Several companies in the U.S. are committed to the development of CAES projects: • CAES Development Company, the parent of Norton Energy Storage, is actively seeking other suitable CAES locations in the U.S. • Strata Power owns the reservoir rights to numerous aquifers near Chicago; several CAES plants are under consideration at these sites. • Ridge Energy Storage has an exclusive agreement with Texas Brine Company for access to several brine production sites in the U.S. that Texas Brine Company owns or has under lease. Ridge Energy hopes to utilize these brine caverns for the development of CAES plants. • The New Energy Foundation (NEF) has led CAES development in Japan with the construction of a 2-MW e , 4-hour CAES pilot plant in Kamisunagawa-cho, Sorachigun, Hokkaido. Compressed air is stored at 580-1,160 psi in a shaft of an old coalmine. Research is ongoing to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the pilot plant. NES is also collaborating with the Japanese utility Electric Power Development Company Ltd. (EPDC) to develop a 35-MW e , 8-hour CAES plant. Current developers and vendors As mentioned above, several companies have been formed to focus on the development of CAES projects. The major components, the intercooled turbocompressor and reheat turboexpander trains, are commercially offered by a number of suppliers: • Dresser-Rand offers a 135-MW e turboexpander. • Alstom (that acquired ABB) offers a 300-400 MW e turboexpander. • Dresser-Rand and Sulzer offer full turbocompressor trains. These companies are driving technical aspects of the CAES technology, and all have significant experience in this field: • Dresser-Rand supplied the complete 110 MW e turbomachinery train for the McIntosh plant. • ABB supplied the turboexpander for the Huntorf plant. • Sulzer supplied the turbocompressor for the Huntorf plant. The other components for CAES plants are obtained from vendors of conventional equipment items such as electric motors/generators, small air compressors, recuperators, etc. Table 4 provides a list of CAES developers and equipment vendors. Field Tests Before a CAES project can be developed, it is important to conduct field tests to determine the feasibility of a site for a full-scale plant. For example, significant drilling work and probe Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 17
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material analyses were conducted before the McIntosh plant was constructed to determine the salt characteristics and the configuration of the salt dome. Table 4 Current Developers And Vendors Company Allison Alstom/ABB Dresser Rand Mitsubishi CAES Development Company Reliant New Energy Foundation Ridge Energy Storage Strata Power Westinghouse/Siemens PBKBB Geo-Stock Role 10-20-MW e turboexpander train 300-400-MW e turboexpander train manufacturer 135-MW e turboexpander train manufacturer 30-150-MW e turboexpander train manufacturer Project developer, U.S. Project developer, U.S. Project developer, Japan Project developer, U.S. Project developer, U.S. 150-300-MW e turbomachinery Salt geology air stores Porous media, salt geology Several companies and/or organizations have conducted CAES field tests to determine the competency of reservoirs or to demonstrate pilot plants. Table 5 provides details of three such examples in Japan, Italy, and the U.S. Japan In Japan, the Energy Storage Engineering Development Center (under the New Energy Foundation) has constructed a 2-MW e pilot CAES plant in a tunnel in the former Sunagawa Coal Mine in Kami-sunagawa Town, Sorachi-gun, Hokkaido Prefecture. Constructional and operation research has been conducted since 1990 to evaluate plant performance for load leveling [21]. The air is stored in a 187-foot long tunnel lined with 2.3 feet of concrete and a synthetic liner tunnel, which has an inside diameter of 19.7 feet. The aboveground equipment consists of the following: • Oil-less, 4-stage reciprocating compressor • Single cylinder combustion chamber Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 18
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