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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Current and On-going Development Efforts CAES plants differ from other energy storage technologies in that they cannot be “massproduced”. Each project is individually developed, designed, and funded. There are two existing CAES plants in the world (Huntorf and McIntosh) and two additional plants under development (Norton and Matagordo). Table 3 provides project information and design features for each of these three CAES plants. Huntorf Plant The Huntorf plant (Figure 9) is the first compressed air storage power station in the world; it began commercial operation December 1978. Today, E.ON Kraftwerke of Bremen, Germany owns the 290-MW e CAES plant in Huntorf, Germany [14]. ABB (formerly BBC) was the main contractor for the plant. The compressed air is stored in two salt caverns between 2,100 and 2,600 feet below the surface with a total volume of 11 million cubic feet. The caverns have a maximum diameter of about 200 feet and a height of 500 feet. The cavern air pressure ranges from 620 to 1,010 psi. At the compressor airflow rate of 187,000 scfm (108 kg/s), the plant requires 12 hours for full recharge. At full power, the turbine draws 720,000 scfm (417 kg/s) of airflow from the caverns for up to 4 hours. After that, the cavern pressure is too low to allow generation at 290 MW e and the airflow supplied by the caverns decreases (although the plant will produce power at an exponentially declining power level for over 10 more hours). McIntosh Plant The 110-MW e McIntosh plant (Figure 10), owned by the Alabama Electric Cooperative, is the second CAES power plant in the world, and the first in the United States [18]. Dresser-Rand designed and constructed the entire turbomachinery train. The overall plant (turbomachinery, building, and underground cavern) was constructed in 30 months for a cost $51 million (1991 dollars) and was completed on June 1, 1991 [18]. The air is compressed in three stages, each followed by an intercooler. The compressed air is stored in a salt cavern between 1,500 and 2,500 feet below the surface with a total volume of 19 million cubic feet, yielding a power generating duration of 26 hours at full power and at 267,000 scfm (340 lb/s). The cavern air pressure ranges from 650 to 1,080 psi during normal operation. The reheat turboexpander train has high- and low-pressure expanders with high and low pressure combustors and drives the electric motor/generator to produce peak electric power. Dual-fuel combustors are capable of burning natural gas or fuel oil [19]. An advanced recuperator is used to extract thermal energy from the low-pressure expander exhaust to preheat inlet air from the storage cavern before it goes to the inlet of the high-pressure combustor. The recuperator reduces fuel consumption by approximately 25%. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 13
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Table 3 Current And On-Going CAES Development Efforts Characteristic Huntorf Plant [14] McIntosh Plant Norton Plant Matagordo Plant [15] Major Players ABB, KBB (Cavern) Dresser-Rand, PBKBB (Cavern) Norton Energy Storage LLC Ridge Energy Storage, Dresser- Rand Partners and Investors E.ON Kraftwerke (owner), NWK/Prussia Electric Alabama Electric Cooperative Haddington Ventures 1a CAES Development Company LLC 1b Haddington Energy Partners and Haddington Chase Energy Partners 1c ----- Amount Invested (2002 dollars) $116 million 2 $63 million ($570/kWe) 3 $1.2 billion ($444/kWe [16]) $243 million ($450/kWe) Schedule Commissioned December 1978 Commissioned June 1, 1991 4 Expected 2003 5 [17] ----- Hurdles Materials problems in the production string pipe sections ----- ----- ----- Applications (1) Peak shaving (2) Spinning res. (3) VAR support (1) Arbitrage (2) Peak shaving (3) Spinning reserve (1) Peak shaving (2) Arbitrage (1) Arbitrage (2) Peak shaving Rated output 290 MWe 110 MWe (minimum output of 10 MWe) 2,700 MWe 540 MWe (minimum output of 60 MWe) Duration 4 hours 26 hours 30 hours (estimate) ----- Availability 90% [17] 95% 6 [17] ----- ----- Starting reliability 99% 99% 7 ----- ----- Power Requir’mt. 0.82 kWin/kWout 0.75 kWin/kWout ----- ----- Normal Start 8 minutes 6 minutes ----- 14 minutes NOTES: 1. (a) Investor; (b) Developer; (c) Backers. 2. Based on an estimate of $400/kWe. 3. Based on $51M in 1991 dollars with 2%/year escalation. (Note: Today’s turbomachinery cost is less than in 1991, thus actual cost today is about $360/kWe for salt geology). 4. Actual construction time was 2.5 yrs. 5. Approval process began in early 2001; first 300 MWe expected to be operational in 2003. 6. During 2000-2002; overall availability since commissioning is 90% due to earlier problems now remedied. 7. In the years 2000 to 2002 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 14
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