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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material • Recuperated Cycle [3] – This is the conventional CAES thermal cycle with an additional component (the recuperator), as illustrated in Figure 3. A recuperator recovers the lowpressure turbine waste heat to preheat the stored air before it goes into the high-pressure combustor. This reduces the fuel consumption of the plant (as compared to the conventional plant above) by about 25%. This configuration was used in the Alabama McIntosh plant that was designed for primary operation as a source of peak power and as a load-management storage plant. The recuperator is a necessary component to reduce costs of the peak power. Figure 3 Recuperated Cycle • Combined Cycle [4] –This is the conventional cycle with addition of a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) and steam turbine (Figure 4). The exhaust heat from the low-pressure expander is recovered in the HRSG to produce steam, which in turn drives a steam turbine and provides additional power from the plant. Due to the thermodynamic inertia of the bottoming cycle equipment, the additional power generated by the bottoming steam cycle will reach full capacity in approximately one hour after the CAES plant start-up. Therefore, this concept is applicable for cases that need additional peak power for continuous long-term operations. Compared to the conventional cycle, this cycle reduces specific storage volume per kWh produced with a corresponding reduction in the storage reservoir costs. • Steam-injected Cycle [3] – This is the conventional cycle adapted to use the HRSG to recover waste heat for steam production, as illustrated in Figure 5. The steam is added to the airflow from the storage reservoir to increase the mass flow through the expansion turbine during the generation cycle, thereby increasing the output power level from the plant. The mass of air needed to be stored per unit of power output is significantly reduced due to steam Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 5
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material injection with corresponding reduction of the storage volume and costs. Similar to combined cycle gas turbine plants, the additional power associated with the steam injection lags the power almost instantly produced by the air expansion turbine. Like any steam-injected system, this concept uses demineralized water; the cost of the water has to be included in economic feasibility studies for this type of plant. Figure 4 Combined Cycle with HRSG and Steam Turbine • Compressed Air Storage with Humidification (CASH) [3, 4] – As shown in Figure 6, the stored air is humidified in an air saturator before being injected into the combustion turbine. The mass of air needed to be stored per unit of power output is significantly reduced due to humidification. Thus, the size of the air storage reservoir required is much smaller than other types of CAES cycles. The dynamics of this concept are better than those for the combined cycle and steam injection concepts. This concept also uses water, although this water does not require demineralization. • “Adiabatic” CAES Cycle – In this CAES cycle, the thermal energy recovered during the compression cycle is stored and used later to reheat the stored air during the generation cycle to reduce or even eliminate any fuel consumption. As illustrated in Figure 7, this type of cycle uses sensible or latent heat storage and recovery materials (e.g., basalt stone/thermal oils and phase change salts, respectively). Many such plants have been analyzed [5, 6]. Taken to the limit, the result is the so-called “adiabatic” CAES plant where no fuel is used during the plant’s generation cycle. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Page 6
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