Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Table 4 Summaries Of Costs By Application And Variation Of Technology Technology Variant T&D Application Size* MW Stg Capacity kW-hours A. Power- Related Equipment Cost B. Energy- Related Equipment Cost C. Installation- Related Cost Total Capital Costs (A + B+ C) Annual Estimated O&M Costs Low Speed Flywheel AC Grid Stabilization 1.5 5.00 $393,120 $120,960 $104,567 $618,647 $67,447 Low Speed Flywheel ($/kW) AC Grid Stabilization 1.5 5.00 $262 $81 $70 $412 $45 High Speed Flywheel High Speed Flywheel ($/kW) Increased Capacity High Speed Flywheel Increased Capacity High Speed Flywheel ($/kW) Traction Load Stabilization 1 8.33 $409,500 $220,500 $105,000 $735,000 $66,398 Traction Load Stabilization 1 8.33 $410 $221 $105 $735 $66 Traction Load Stabilization 1 8.33 $189,000 $231,000 $63,000 $483,000 $50,320 Traction Load Stabilization 1 8.33 $189 $231 $63 $483 $50 *Note: Multiple flywheel systems can be connected in parallel to produce a larger system rating. For example, for some applications, multiple 250kW flywheel units might be easier to site, build, and install than one single 1.5MW unit. Flywheels Page 34

EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Cost and Benefit Comparison The cost and benefit comparison using the net present value (NPV) method depends on the specific application. The major benefit associated with grid stability includes VAR control to maintain power flow and voltage stability of the T&D system. This is difficult to quantify, however it may be possible to defer some other T&D upgrade investments which will certainly show a clear financial value to the utility. The approach is to apply usual practices or service standards as the criteria to say if an investment is required. In the case of end-use load stabilization, or load fluctuation control, the major benefit to the utility is similar to grid stabilization, and is to defer investments and operating cost of the T&D. In some special cases, where the stabilizing equipment is near the end user such as the DC railroad traction case described here, there may be other quantifiable benefits for the end user. These are improved operations and energy efficiency of enduse electrical equipment such as AC motors and reduced peak power demands at nearby electrical substations. Table 6 shows the NPV of the costs, the benefits and their combination for each major application. The parameters used in the NPV calculation include: 1. Time period for calculation is 20 years 2. Escalation rate is 2% 3. Inflation rate is 2% 4. Discount rate adjusted for inflation is 5% The benefit assumptions used for each application include: 1. For AC grid stabilization the assumption on benefits is based on substation upgrade deferral. The value of deferral is assumed to be $840,000 for the first 10 years and $1.68 million for the second 10 years. The deferral savings must be based on specific site conditions and estimated costs. The rationale for these numbers is that they are in the range of substation upgrade costs. 2. The railroad traction load stabilization gives value to both the utility and to the end user, such as city, municipal operator or transient authority. a. Assumptions for value to the utility is in reducing the size or number of substations required in a new installation or in deferring the upgrade of existing substation in the case of increased train operations or new and more demanding train loads. In this specific case of a small substation supporting the subway operations deferral was valued at $340K for the first ten years and $780K there after. b. Value to the end user includes improved voltage regulation to maintain the train operations and allow the use of new AC drive trains, with improved overall energy efficiency. In addition, storing of energy flattens the peaks and valleys of demand, which reduces the demand charges. Typical benefits assumed in this case are an energy (kWh) savings of 15% of flywheel rating, based on 6000 hours per year @ $.06/kWh. Also the Flywheels Page 35

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