Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com
Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com
Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com
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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material<br />
tolerance to temperature. The potential advantage <strong>of</strong> the flywheel over SMES, a<br />
technology that has been used successfully in grid stabilization, is likely to be modularity<br />
in size selection and lower cost. Currently the main disadvantage is cost.<br />
Figure 13<br />
Concept Of Flywheel-Based, Utility Grid Coupled Mini-FACTS Controller<br />
Enhance Service to Fluctuating Loads<br />
Problem Description<br />
The opp<strong>or</strong>tunity described here is related to the difficulty <strong>f<strong>or</strong></strong> electric distribution<br />
<strong>com</strong>panies to serve highly fluctuating end-user load equipment. F<strong>or</strong> example distribution<br />
service to car- <strong>or</strong> rock-crusher operations, pulsing amusement park rides, large electric<br />
welders, mini steel mills with melting operation, <strong>or</strong> electric mass transit may experience a<br />
fluctuating load problem. This problem is manifested in voltage variations that can affect<br />
per<strong>f<strong>or</strong></strong>mance <strong>of</strong> the fluctuating load <strong>or</strong> other load equipment connected nearby. The most<br />
<strong>com</strong>mon <strong>com</strong>plaint related to voltage fluctuations is visual irritation from flickering<br />
lights. In addition, high-inrush loads cause voltage dips that may cause stalling <strong>of</strong> mot<strong>or</strong>s<br />
<strong>or</strong> disturbance <strong>of</strong> sensitive electronic equipment. Standards have been published, such as<br />
IEEE 1453 and IEC 61000-3-7, which set minimum requirements <strong>f<strong>or</strong></strong> end users and<br />
utilities and help to assign responsibility <strong>f<strong>or</strong></strong> c<strong>or</strong>rective actions.<br />
The technical criteria <strong>f<strong>or</strong></strong> this application will depend on the fluctuating load and the<br />
characteristics <strong>of</strong> the local power system but likely will fall within these parameters:<br />
• Application – Provide local starting inrush current and abs<strong>or</strong>b excess energy while<br />
mitigating bus voltage sags and swells<br />
• Power Level – Depends on the size <strong>of</strong> the fluctuating load, .5-5 MVA (both real and<br />
reactive power required <strong>f<strong>or</strong></strong> ac load and only real power <strong>f<strong>or</strong></strong> dc load)<br />
• <strong>Energy</strong> Capacity – .2 to 20 kWh<br />
• Duration – Less than 30 seconds<br />
• Response Time – 100 to 200 Milliseconds<br />
Flywheels Page 28
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