Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Figure 10 Damping Of Post Fault Oscillation With And Without Energy Storage The use of large-scale (100 MVAR or more) FACTS controllers to provide dynamic reactive compensation has already been demonstrated through several landmark projects. However, because of high initial cost, the alternative of a smaller scale, modularized, distributed real, and reactive VAR injection has recently received considerable attention. The key to this application is the injection of real energy storage to maintain speed of motor, which in turn reduces the inrush current for feeders heavily loaded with motor loads. This minimizes bus voltage depression and thus helps with both rotor angle and voltage stability. By providing a critical boost to the system both during faults and following the clearing of faults helps avert instability. This type of distributed dynamic reactive compensation with energy storage is particularly suitable for solving transient voltage stability problems in a weak portion of the network with a high concentration of induction motor loads during peak loading conditions. The advantage of energy storage under these conditions is mainly in reducing the maximum transient voltage dip, which is a measure of the dynamic performance of the system Based on Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC) criteria as shown in Figure 11, the voltage at any load bus should not dip below 20% of the initial value for more than 20 cycles. Estimating the total portion of induction motor loads is becoming a critical issue for power system stability. This was recognized in a study conducted for model validation and analysis of WSCC System Oscillations following Alberta Separation on August 4, 2000. Figure 12 shows the modeling result of the system oscillation following the separation for different percentages of induction motor loads. Based on this study, one of the recommendations was to increase the portion of induction motor load representation in selected areas for future system stability study models. Flywheels Page 26
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Figure 11 Voltage Performance Parameters From WSCC Figure 12 Impact Of Induction Motors On System Oscillation Potential for Flywheel Energy Storage Mini FACTS in T&D Circuits Combining flywheel energy storage with appropriate bi-directional electronic power conversion provides a legitimate implementation of the distributed mini-FACTS controller. No such system has been built. Figure 13 shows a conceptual block diagram of a flywheel-based mini FACTS controller system. This system may be controlled to act as a stabilizer for distribution feeders, acting on post-disturbance voltage to assist in returning the voltage and frequency to an equilibrium status within one second. The advantages of the flywheel-based storage system over conventional lead-acid battery are relatively high-power density and cycle life as well as inherently lower maintenance and Flywheels Page 27
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