Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

More documents

Recommendations

Info

EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material 1974 Los Alamos proposes construction of a 100 MJ SMES coil as a test of SMES system requirements and to accommodate power fluctuations in the local utility power system. This was the first suggestion of the construction of a specific SMES installation. 1976 Cresap and Mittelstadt of the Bonneville Power Authority and Hassenzahl of Los Alamos propose a 30 MJ pulsed SMES to damp the power oscillations that have been observed on the HVAC Intertie. The system was designed and constructed by a team lead by Rogers of Los Alamos and was installed at the Tacoma substation in 1981, where it operated briefly. The unit was plagued by difficulties caused by damage that had occurred to the refrigerator when it was originally shipped to Los Alamos in 1979. As a result the personnel attention and the O&M requirements increased by a factor of ten or so. This difficulty and a unique, pre-existing component of the West Coast power grid eventually led to the SMES unit being shutdown after only a limited service period. A DC power transmission line had been installed about 10 years prior to the SMES system. Its purpose was to transmit part of the power generated by hydroelectric plants in the Pacific Northwest to the load centers in Southern California. Just as SCR-based converters were used on the SMES, they were also used on DC transmission lines. An SCR converter with a capacity of 50 MW and 50 MVA was added to the diode based rectifier at the north end of the DC Link. Control of this converter provided the same damping as the 10 MW SMES coil. Perhaps the most important lesson learned from this installation was that first of a kind installations of new technology must work. Otherwise, the chance of integration of the technology into the operation of an electric utility is reduced considerably. No future new technology using superconductors should be installed if it does not have a high degree of success. One other item of considerable interest is that the southern termination of the DC link was damaged by an earthquake and took several years to be completely repaired. This potential limitation of power flow because of a natural disaster was nearly sufficient to maintain the SMES device at Tacoma as a backup, just in case. 1979 Rogers of Los Alamos led a team consisting of national laboratories, industries, and universities that developed a 1000 MWh Reference Design. This design effort took the concepts that had been developed over the previous decade and applied them to an engineering design with details of construction, installation, coil winding, etc. This collaboration produced a reference design for large scale, diurnal SMES plants that became the basis for design work during the decade of the 1980's. One critical result was that when detailed cost estimates developed in the study were compared with the costs of pumped hydroelectric plants the group concluded that if SMES plants were used only for load levelling, they would have to be store 5000 MWh or more in order to be cost-competitive with pumped hydro. 1981 EPRI initiated a study of diurnal SMES. The effort was carried out by Bechtel and several contractors, but included some utility, national laboratory and university participation. It initially addressed load levelling only, but eventually included an attempt to measure the value of a SMES plant with some additional capabilities. EPRI continued to support diurnal SMES development over the next decade. 1986 EPRI supported studies concluded that SMES could be a contributor to electric power systems and determined that a 100 MWh model, the Engineering Test Model (ETM), would be an appropriate size to test the concept. SMES Page 29
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material 1987 The Strategic Defense Initiative was developing large directed energy devices and needed energy sources in the 1000 MW range for periods of 1 hour. They joined with EPRI and supported the design of a dual-use ETM. Bechtel and EBASCO were chosen to lead teams that followed two different paths for manufacturing large-scale SMES. 1987 The need for pulsed power (megawatts for seconds) to establish power quality for industry, utility and military applications stimulated the formation of the company Superconductivity Inc., which began the development of micro-SMES systems. Much of the effort in this period was supported by the Power Conditioning and Continuing Interface Equipment (PCCIE) office of the US Air Force at McClellan Air Force Base in Sacramento, CA. 1993 DARPA established funds for a SMES installation. The original plan was for Babcock and Wilcox (B&W), now BWX Technologies (BWXT), to design and construct a 30 MW, 0.5 MWh unit and install it in Anchorage, Alaska, to enable spinning reserve on the Alaska Railbelt electric system. After several changes in plans, a smaller coil, 100 MJ, was selected as a size that could be accommodated within the new budget. The smaller coil was to have been installed at American Electric Power’s Inez Substation to support operation of their unified power flow controller (UPFC), but again changing budgets and program goals for the partners in the project resulted in a mutual decision to cancel it at AEP. In about 2000 BWXT licensed the coil design to the Center for Applied Power Systems (CAPS) at Florida State University (FSU). The coil is nearly completed and it should be installed in early 2003 at CAPS. 1993 Several studies of the impact of SMES systems for system stability are carried out. They were supported by the US Department of Energy. Torre described these and other studies in an EPRI report 1006795. One of the studies eventually led to the concept of an energy storage system that is distributed across a wide area of a power system but which responds to system in an integrated fashion. 1994 The US Navy initiated a study of energy storage systems associated with a move to an all-electric ship. SMES was one of the storage systems studied. Westinghouse constructed a 50 MJ coil that has been transferred to FSU for future system evaluation. 1997 American Superconductor’s subsidiary, Superconductivity Inc. began the development of D-SMES devices and established a program to install 6 devices in northern Wisconsin. There are small installations of SMES test facilities in Europe and Japan. None of these devices has the capacity of the larger units in use today in the United States and South Africa. The Japanese have maintained a program of SMES development. They have generally had a wait and see approach to construction, but have constructed several small industrial and university systems. The structure of the SMES effort in Japan in 1999 is given at the end of the Bibliography. Summary of Potential SMES Applications Power Systems Engineers recently completed a review of previous SMES studies on a variety of applications. This effort is available in the EPRI report referenced below. SMES Page 30
Page 1:
Handbook of Energy Storage for Tran
Page 4 and 5:
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITA
Page 7:
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 10 and 11:
Vanadium Redox Battery 2
Page 12 and 13:
Page 14 and 15:
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Regenesys Electricity Storage Techn
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
The status of sodium sulfur batteri
Page 89 and 90: EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 103: EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
Page 190 and 191:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 300:
About EPRI EPRI creates science and
show all

Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?