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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Figure 9 Negatively damped oscillations observed on August 8, 1974, on the BPA Pacific HVAC Intertie. Power Quality A variety of loads--ranging from modest industrial installations to substations of significant capacity--require energy to provide power quality and backup power. This energy is used for a variety of conditions such as when momentary disturbances require real power injection to avoid power interruptions. In the case of industrial customers, a local source of power may be required when there is an interruption of power from the utility. This power source may function until the power feed from the utility is restored, until a reserve generator is started, or until critical loads are shut down in a safe manner. In the case of a substation, a variety of momentary disturbances such as lightning strikes or transmission flashovers cause power trips or low voltages. The total energy storage requirement is greater and there may be a need power flow separation to insure continuous power to important customers. Load leveling Demands for electric power vary both randomly and with predictable variations. Perhaps the most significant variation of power demand is the diurnal change associated with the functioning of an industrial society. Both commercial and residential demands are greater during the day than at night. On the other hand, many power plants operate most efficiently and have longer lives if they operate continuously near their maximum power output. One method of accommodating users’ power demands and the characteristics of these plants is to install an energy storage system that can accept energy at night and can deliver it back to the grid during periods of high demand. The value of this type of storage is based on the difference in marginal cost of off-peak power and the price paid for power during the peak. An additional impact of diurnal storage is that it can replace or defer the installation of extra generation capacity to accommodate. SMES Page 15
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Table IV Summary of SMES Technologies For Three Applications. Application Size Duration Plant Capacity Response Time Duty Cycle units kWh MW ms Events per year System Stability Power quality Load levelling 1.7 < 1 sec 3 (8 8 Weekl y or more MVAR) 0.28 1-3 sec 1 8 Tens to 100 per year Roundtrip Efficiency Plant Footprint* m 2 (ft 2 ) Environmental Impact NA 45 (484) None NA 30 (323) None 4,000,000 4 Hours 1000 8 daily 0.9 1,000,00 0 (10,760, 000) *Footprint of entire system or, for load leveling, area included in fence based on allowable magnetic field External/ stray magnetic field SMES Page 16
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