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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Figure 3 A simplified block diagram of a SMES system showing major components. All practical SMES systems installed to date use a superconducting alloy of niobium and titanium (Nb-Ti), which requires operation at temperatures near the boiling point of liquid helium, about 4.2 K (-269°C or -452°F) – 4.2 centigrade degrees above absolute zero. Typical conductors made of this material are shown in Figure 4. Fig. 4a Fig. 4b Figure 4 Typical conductors made of the superconductor Nb-Ti (LBNL & LLNL) Figure 4a, on the left, is a flattened cable made of 30 composite strands wrapped in an insulator made of Kapton and epoxy-fiberglass. Each strand is 0.7 mm in diameter and contains several thousand, 6 µm diameter Nb-Ti filaments extruded in a copper matrix. Figure 4b, on the right, is SMES Page 3
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material a CICC cable made of several hundred of these strands in a stainless steel conduit. During operation, helium is in direct contact with the superconducting strands and, in the CICC shown, the helium flows through the central tube. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL) and Lawrence Livermore National Lab (LLNL) supplied figures 4a and 4b, respectively. Many tons of Nb-Ti alloy are fabricated worldwide each year for applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnets and accelerators for nuclear physics research. In addition, the aerospace industry uses considerably more of a slightly different Nb-Ti alloy each year for rivets that hold the aluminum skin in place on the bodies and wings of most commercial and military aircraft. Some research-based SMES coils use high-temperature superconductors (HTS). However, the state of development of these materials today is such that they are not cost effective for SMES. An evaluation HTS for SMES was made for EPRI in 1998 (See Bibliography for this and other reports on HTS SMES research). Since the superconductor is one of the major costs of a superconducting coil, one design goal is to store the maximum amount of energy per quantity of superconductor. Many factors contribute to achieving this goal. One fundamental aspect, however, is to select a coil design that most effectively uses the material. This is generally accomplished by a solenoidal configuration, as in the two SMES installations shown in Figures 5 and 6. Figure 5 shows the 30 MJ superconducting coil developed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and installed by the Bonneville Power Administration at the Tacoma substation. Figure 6 is a small, 1 MJ SMES coil. Figure 5 The 30 MJ superconducting coil developed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) SMES Page 4
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