Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com

EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material
1. Technology Description.......................................................................................................... 1
Introduction................................................................................................................................. 1
System Components.................................................................................................................... 2
The Coil And The Superconductor......................................................................................... 2
Cryogenic Refrigerator ........................................................................................................... 5
Power Conversion System ...................................................................................................... 6
Control System........................................................................................................................ 7
Technology Attributes ................................................................................................................ 7
Capacity .................................................................................................................................. 7
Energy Storage Rating ............................................................................................................ 8
Physical dimensions of the SMES installation ....................................................................... 8
Efficiency................................................................................................................................ 8
2. Status..................................................................................................................................... 10
D-SMES.................................................................................................................................... 10
Power Quality or µ-SMES........................................................................................................ 10
SMES Test and Evaluations...................................................................................................... 10
SMES Status Summary Tables ................................................................................................. 11
Developmental costs ................................................................................................................. 13
3. Applications .......................................................................................................................... 14
System Stability and Damping.................................................................................................. 14
Power Quality ........................................................................................................................... 15
Load leveling ............................................................................................................................ 15
4. Costs and Benefits................................................................................................................. 17
SMES Plant Costs..................................................................................................................... 17
Estimated Benefits .................................................................................................................... 19
5. Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 22
Seminal Articles and Books...................................................................................................... 22
Early Articles and Papers On SMES ........................................................................................ 22
Other Articles In The Design And Use Of SMES .................................................................... 24
High Temperature Superconductors for SMES ........................................................................ 24
Conference Proceedings............................................................................................................ 25
Refrigeration Systems............................................................................................................... 26
Coil Geometries ........................................................................................................................ 26
Recent Assessments.................................................................................................................. 26
6. Appendices............................................................................................................................ 27
Magnetic field description of SMES......................................................................................... 27
Structural requirements of SMES ............................................................................................. 27
Extensive History of SMES...................................................................................................... 28
Summary of Potential SMES Applications............................................................................... 30
System Stability-Damping.................................................................................................... 31
Load levelling ....................................................................................................................... 31
Transient Voltage Dip........................................................................................................... 31
Dynamic Voltage Instability................................................................................................. 31
Spinning Reserve .................................................................................................................. 31
Underfrequency Load Shedding ........................................................................................... 32