Annual Report,2009 - Directorate General of Mines Safety
Annual Report,2009 - Directorate General of Mines Safety Annual Report,2009 - Directorate General of Mines Safety
DGMS Annual Report, 2009 determined by photometric test or certified by the manufacturer. Any structural part of the light fixture providing this shielding must be permanently affixed. Height of Luminaire The height of a luminaire shall be vertical distance from the ground directly below the centerline of the luminaire to the lowest direct-light-emitting part of the luminaire. Glare The sensation produced by a bright source within the visual field that is sufficiently brighter than the level to which the eyes are adapted to cause annoyance, discomfort, or less in visual performance and visibility. Glare is often the result of excessive contrast between bright and dark areas in the field of view. For example, glare can be associated with directly viewing the filament of an sunshield or badly sunshield light. Light shining into the eyes of pedestrians and drivers can obscure night vision for up an hour after exposure. Caused by high contrast between light and dark areas, glare can also made it difficult for the human eye to adjust to the differences in brightness. Glare is particularly an issue in road safety, as bright and/or badly shielded lights around roads may partially blind drivers or pedestrians unexpectedly, and contribute to accidents. Glare can also result in reduced contrast, due to light scattering in the eye by excessive brightness, or to reflection of light from dark areas in the field of vision, with luminance, similar to the background luminance. This kind of glare is a particular instance of disability glare, called veiling glare. Glare can be categorized into different types. Blinding glare describes effects such as that caused by staring into the Sun. It is completely blinding and leaves temporary or permanent vision deficiencies. Disability glare describes effects such as being blinded by oncoming car lights, or light scattering in fog or in the eye, reducing contrast, as well as reflections from print and other dark areas that render them bright, with significant reduction in sight capabilities. Discomfort glare does not typically cause a dangerous situation in itself, though it is annoying an irritating at best. It can potentially cause fatigue if experienced over extended period. Light clutter Light clutter refers to excessive groupings of lights. Groupings of lights may generate confusion, distract from obstacles (including those that then may be intended to illuminate), and potentially cause accidents. Clutter is particularly noticeable on roads where the street lights are badly designed, or where brightly lit advertising surrounds the roadways. Depending on the motives o the persons or organizations who installed the lights, their placement and design may even be intended to distract 162
DGMS Annual Report, 2009 drivers, and can contribute to accidents. Clutter may also present a hazard in the aviation environment if aviation safety lighting must complete for pilot attention with non-relevant lighting. For instance, runway lighting may be confused with an array of suburban commercial lighting and aircraft collision avoidance lights may be confused with ground lights. Light Pollution Any adverse effect of man-made light. Light Trespass Light falling where it is not wanted or needed, typically across property boundaries. 4.0 FACTORS AFFECTING STANDARDS OF ILLUMINATION Light level standards are affected by light quantity and quality desired, fixture efficiency and other applicable factors. Quantity of light or the light output and light levels is measured in lumens, lux and foot-candles. Initial Lumens/Foot-candles reflect the amount of light produced by a lamp when it is installed. Supply voltage variations, lamp‟s interaction with the ballast and dirt build up (Luminaire Dirt Depreciation) reduce the produced amount of light. Lessening of light output over time, while continuing to consume the same energy amounts (Lamps Lumen Depreciation) also reduces the light levels of the lamp and waists energy. Maintained Lumens/Foot-candles show the light level after light loss factors are taken into account over a period of time. Mean Lumens show the average light output over the lamp‟s lifetime. When addressing lighting standards a provision for the light quantity depreciation over time to due to multiple factors should be made. Quality of light depends on the brightness, distribution and light color. Photometric brightness (Luminance) is the amount of light leaving the lamp or reflecting from a surface. It is measured in foot lamberts, candles/sq. ft. and candelas/square meter (metric). Brightness can produce levels of glare if not contained properly. Every fixture has a Visual Comfort Probability (VCP) rating that reflects its levels of visual comfort. Glare can severely interface with visual comfort. High brightness ratios produce high contrast and can also create a visual fatigue during “transient adaptation”, which is the adaptation process of the eye when brightness changes. Light color depends on the visible light spectrum and the wavelengths composition of the lamp light (Spectral power distribution), the color of the light the lamp produces 163
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DGMS <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Report</strong>, <strong>2009</strong><br />
determined by photometric test or certified by the manufacturer. Any structural part <strong>of</strong><br />
the light fixture providing this shielding must be permanently affixed.<br />
Height <strong>of</strong> Luminaire<br />
The height <strong>of</strong> a luminaire shall be vertical distance from the ground directly below the<br />
centerline <strong>of</strong> the luminaire to the lowest direct-light-emitting part <strong>of</strong> the luminaire.<br />
Glare<br />
The sensation produced by a bright source within the visual field that is sufficiently<br />
brighter than the level to which the eyes are adapted to cause annoyance, discomfort,<br />
or less in visual performance and visibility.<br />
Glare is <strong>of</strong>ten the result <strong>of</strong> excessive contrast between bright and dark areas in the<br />
field <strong>of</strong> view. For example, glare can be associated with directly viewing the filament<br />
<strong>of</strong> an sunshield or badly sunshield light. Light shining into the eyes <strong>of</strong> pedestrians and<br />
drivers can obscure night vision for up an hour after exposure. Caused by high<br />
contrast between light and dark areas, glare can also made it difficult for the human<br />
eye to adjust to the differences in brightness. Glare is particularly an issue in road<br />
safety, as bright and/or badly shielded lights around roads may partially blind drivers<br />
or pedestrians unexpectedly, and contribute to accidents.<br />
Glare can also result in reduced contrast, due to light scattering in the eye by excessive<br />
brightness, or to reflection <strong>of</strong> light from dark areas in the field <strong>of</strong> vision, with<br />
luminance, similar to the background luminance. This kind <strong>of</strong> glare is a particular<br />
instance <strong>of</strong> disability glare, called veiling glare.<br />
Glare can be categorized into different types.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Blinding glare describes effects such as that caused by staring into the Sun. It is<br />
completely blinding and leaves temporary or permanent vision deficiencies.<br />
Disability glare describes effects such as being blinded by oncoming car lights, or<br />
light scattering in fog or in the eye, reducing contrast, as well as reflections from<br />
print and other dark areas that render them bright, with significant reduction in<br />
sight capabilities.<br />
Discomfort glare does not typically cause a dangerous situation in itself, though it<br />
is annoying an irritating at best. It can potentially cause fatigue if experienced over<br />
extended period.<br />
Light clutter<br />
Light clutter refers to excessive groupings <strong>of</strong> lights. Groupings <strong>of</strong> lights may<br />
generate confusion, distract from obstacles (including those that then may be intended<br />
to illuminate), and potentially cause accidents. Clutter is particularly noticeable on<br />
roads where the street lights are badly designed, or where brightly lit advertising<br />
surrounds the roadways. Depending on the motives o the persons or organizations<br />
who installed the lights, their placement and design may even be intended to distract<br />
162