A manual of rice seed health testing - IRRI books - International Rice ...

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Contents Foreword v Preface vi Part 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Rice seed health and quarantine 3 What is seed 3 Seed history 3 Seed exchange 3 The importance of seed health 3 Quarantine 4 2 The rice plant and its environment 5 Seedling morphology 5 Morphology of the mature plant 6 Classification of seeds 8 Rice ecosystems 8 Part 2 PROCEDURES FOR SEED HEALTH EVALUATIONS 3 Equipment 13 4 Samples and sampling 17 General concept of sampling 17 Definition and importance of sampling 17 Components of a sampling technique 17 Sampling from binomal population 18 Application of sampling in seed testing 19 Definitions 19 Objective 19 Procedures for sampling the lot 19 Procedures in the laboratory 21 5 Dry seed inspection 23 Weeds 23 Insects 23 6 Fungi 25 Detection 26 Blotter method 26 Agar plate method 27 Washing test 28 Glowing-on test 28 Isolation 28 Identification 28 7 Bacteria 29 Bacterial rice pathogens 29 Extraction and isolation 30 Pseudomonads 30 Xanthomonads 32 Purification 33 Identification 33 Morphological characteristics 33 Biochemical characteristics 35 Detection 39 Pathogenicity test 39 Semiselective media 41 8 Nematodes 47 Detection 47 Modified Baermann funnel method 47 Sieve method 48 Manual dehulling method 48 Identification 48 9 Viruses and mycoplasmalike organisms 49 10 Field inspection 51 General principles 51 Plant growth stages, number of field inspections, and counts per inspection 52 Field count methods 52 Field inspection at IRRI 56 11 Seed treatment 59 Advantages of seed treatment 59 Limitations of seed treatment 59 Methods 59 Seed treatment for quarantine 60 Seed treatment at IRRI 61 Future biocides 61 Precautions 61 Part 3 PESTS AND PATHOGENS 12 Weed seed contaminants 65 Purity analysis 66 Determination of other species by number 66 13 Insect pests 69 Rice moth 69 Rusty red grain beetle 69 Saw-toothed grain beetle 70 Indian meal moth 70 Lesser grain borer 71 Granary weevil 71 Rice weevil 72 Maize weevil 72 Angoumuis grain moth 72 Red flour beetle or bran bug 73 Confused flour beetle 73
14 Fungal pathogens 75 Alternaria padwickii 75 Symptoms 76 Disease development 76 Control 76 Bipolaris oryzae 76 Symptoms 77 Disease development 77 Control 77 Cercospora janseana 77 Symptoms 78 Disease development 78 Control 78 Curvularia spp. 78 Symptoms 79 Disease development 79 Control 79 Ephelis oryzae 79 Symptoms 79 Disease development 79 Control 79 Fusarium moniliforme 80 Symptoms 80 Disease development 80 Control 81 Microdochium oryzae 81 Symptoms 82 Disease development 82 Control 82 Nakataea sigmoidea 82 Symptoms 83 Disease development 83 Control 83 Pyricularia oryzae 83 Symptoms 84 Disease development 84 Control 84 Rhizoctonia solani 84 Symptoms 853 Disease development 85 Control 85 Sarocladium oryzae 86 Symptoms 86 Disease development 86 Control 87 Tilletia barclayana 87 Symptoms 88 Disease development 88 Control 88 Ustilaginoidea virens 88 Symptoms 89 Disease development 89 Control 89 15 Bacterial pathogens 91 Pseudomonas avenae 91 Symptoms 91 Disease development 91 Control 91 Pseudomonas fuscovaginae 92 Symptoms 92 Disease development 92 Control 92 Pseudomonas glumae 93 Symptoms 93 Disease development 93 Control 93 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 93 Symptoms 94 Disease development 94 Control 94 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae 94 Symptoms 94 Disease development 95 Control 95 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola 95 Symptoms 96 Disease development 96 Control 96 16 Nematode pest 97 Aphelenchoides besseyi 97 Symptoms 98 Disease development 98 Control 98 17 Organisms causing grain discoloration and damage 99 Disease development 99 Symptoms 99 Detection 100 Control 100 References cited 101 Appendices 1. Sample recording sheets 105 2. Media, stains, buffer and their preparations 109 3. Glossary 111
Page 2 and 3: A Manual of Rice Seed Health Testin
Page 6 and 7: Foreword Intensive collaboration ch
Page 8: Part 1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 Rice
Page 11 and 12: tional levels (Kahn 1988). Quaranti
Page 13 and 14: Morphology of the mature plant Matu
Page 15 and 16: two-celled, besifixed, deeply sagit
Page 18 and 19: Part 2 Procedures for seed health e
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 3 Equipment J.K. Misra, T.W
Page 22: 3.2 Dry seed inspection using a mag
Page 25 and 26: Example. In a two-stage random samp
Page 27 and 28: solid pointed end. The tube and sle
Page 30: CHAPTER 5 Dry seed inspection J.K.
Page 33 and 34: Detection Blotter and agar plate me
Page 35 and 36: Results: Examine plates for charac-
Page 37 and 38: Extraction and isolation It is esse
Page 39 and 40: GRINDING METHOD (FOR SMALL-SCALE SE
Page 41 and 42: flagellum. Cells occur singly, in p
Page 43 and 44: 7.6 Oxidase test reaction. L = colo
Page 45 and 46: 7.9 Production of 2-ketogluconate.
Page 47 and 48: 1. Grow pathogen-free plants under
Page 49 and 50: 7.12 a. P. glumae type A colony on
Page 51 and 52: A1. Macerate 100 seeds in 10 ml of
Page 53 and 54: Results: 7.Streak the bacteria onto
Page 55 and 56:
Sieve method (Fig. 8.1) Procedure:
Page 58 and 59:
CHAPTER 10 Field inspection J.K. Mi
Page 60 and 61:
Table 10.2. continued Disease Fungi
Page 62 and 63:
Table 10.2. continued Disease Growt
Page 64:
additional precaution, the multipli
Page 67 and 68:
terracoat (5-ethoxy-3- trichloromet
Page 70:
Part 3 Pests and pathogens CHAPTER
Page 73 and 74:
elevant tests for determining the i
Page 75 and 76:
Table 12.1 continued Family and spe
Page 77 and 78:
Cryptolestes pusillus Schonherr The
Page 79 and 80:
Rice weeviI Scientific name: Sitoph
Page 82 and 83:
CHAPTER 14 Fungal pathogens J.K. Mi
Page 84 and 85:
THE DISEASE—BROWN SPOT Sir John W
Page 86 and 87:
Symptoms Glumes are discolored, and
Page 88 and 89:
y low relative humidity. Released a
Page 90 and 91:
THE DISEASE—STEM ROT Stem rot was
Page 92 and 93:
THE DISEASE—SHEATH BLIGHT Sheath
Page 94 and 95:
Sarocladium oryzae is seedborne. Th
Page 96:
Although not currently considered a
Page 99 and 100:
Pseudomonas fuscovaginae Pathogen:
Page 101 and 102:
See Chapter 7 and Figure 15.4a for
Page 103 and 104:
Infected seeds and contaminated wat
Page 105 and 106:
For further details, see the Common
Page 107 and 108:
nonfluorescent) and Erwinia herbico
Page 109 and 110:
Franklin M T, Siddiqi M R (1972) Ap
Page 111 and 112:
Tai F L, Siang W N (1948) 'I-chu-hs
Page 113 and 114:
106 Rice seed health testing manual
Page 115 and 116:
108 Rice seed health testing manual
Page 117 and 118:
After autoclaving the medium, add t
Page 119 and 120:
smoniloid = having swellings at reg
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