A manual of rice seed health testing - IRRI books - International Rice ...
A manual of rice seed health testing - IRRI books - International Rice ...
A manual of rice seed health testing - IRRI books - International Rice ...
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Appendix 3. Glossary.<br />
achene = small, dry fruit with one <strong>seed</strong><br />
achlorophyllous = lacking chlorophyll<br />
acervulus = a cushionlike mass <strong>of</strong> hyphae<br />
and palisadelike conidiophores and<br />
conidia (pl. acervuli)<br />
acrogenous = borne at the tip<br />
acropleurogenous = borne at the tip and<br />
along the sides<br />
acuminate = pointed; tapering to point<br />
aedeagus = in male insects, the penis or<br />
intromittent organ situated below the<br />
scophium and enclosed in a sheath<br />
alternate host = one <strong>of</strong> two species <strong>of</strong> host<br />
plants upon which a parasitic fungus<br />
must develop to complete its life cycle<br />
ampulliform = flask-shaped with the swollen<br />
part at the base<br />
anamorph = the conidial or imperfect stage<br />
<strong>of</strong> fungi<br />
appressorium = a swelling on a germ<br />
tube or hypha, attaching it to a host<br />
tissue in an early stage <strong>of</strong> infection (pl.<br />
appressoria)<br />
ascomycetous = having characteristics <strong>of</strong><br />
the ascomycetes, diagnostic character<br />
<strong>of</strong> ascomycetes is the ascus within<br />
which typically eight ascospores are<br />
developed by free cell formation<br />
ascospore = spore produced in an ascus<br />
(perfect state); a meiospore borne in an<br />
ascus<br />
ascus = a saclike cell generally containing<br />
a definite number <strong>of</strong> ascospores (typically<br />
eight) formed by free cell formation<br />
usually after karyogamy and meiosis;<br />
characteristic <strong>of</strong> the class Ascomycetes<br />
aseptate = lacking cross walls<br />
axenic = without another organism being<br />
present<br />
awn = bristly fibers on the head <strong>of</strong> some<br />
cereal grains<br />
bifid = having a crack or division near the<br />
middle; forked<br />
binary fission = reproduction <strong>of</strong> a cell by<br />
division into two approximately equal<br />
parts<br />
blast (<strong>rice</strong>) = disease in <strong>rice</strong> caused by<br />
Pyricularia oryzae, causing round to ob<br />
long (spindle-shaped) lesions on leaves<br />
and other plant parts<br />
butyrous = butterlike<br />
canker = a plant disease in which there is<br />
sharply limited necrosis <strong>of</strong> cortical tissue<br />
chlamydospore = a thick-walled,<br />
nondeciduous, intercalary or terminal<br />
asexual spore made by the rounding up<br />
<strong>of</strong> a cell or cells<br />
cicatrized (conidiogenous cell, conidiophore)<br />
= bearing scars<br />
ciliate = edge with hairs<br />
clavate = clublike; narrowing in the direction<br />
<strong>of</strong> the base<br />
cleistothecium = a completely closed<br />
ascocarp<br />
coccus = a spherical bacterium<br />
colony = a group <strong>of</strong> individuals <strong>of</strong> the same<br />
species living in close association; in<br />
fungi, the term usually refers to many<br />
hyphae growing out <strong>of</strong> a single point<br />
and forming a round or globose thallus<br />
columella = a sterile structure within a<br />
sporangium or other fructification; <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
an extension <strong>of</strong> the stalk<br />
(pl. columellae)<br />
conidial chain = conidia developed/borne<br />
end to end to produce a chain<br />
conidiophore = a simple or branched hypha<br />
arising from a somatic hypha and bearing<br />
at its tip or side one or more<br />
conidiogenous cells; sometimes used<br />
interchangeably with conidiogenous cell<br />
conidium = a nonmotile asexual spore usually<br />
formed at the tip or side <strong>of</strong> a<br />
sporogenous cell; in some instances, a<br />
preexisting hyphal cell maybe converted<br />
to a conidium (pl. conidia)<br />
dichotomous = pairwise forking; <strong>of</strong>ten repeatedly<br />
distichous = in two lines<br />
echinulate = having small pointed processes<br />
or spines<br />
epiphytotic = a widespread occurrence <strong>of</strong> a<br />
plant disease; equivalent to epidemic<br />
on humans<br />
epispore = the thick fundamental layer<br />
which determines the shape <strong>of</strong> the<br />
spore<br />
eukaryotic = an organism composed <strong>of</strong> one<br />
or more cells with visibly evident nuclei<br />
facultative anaerobe = an organism normally<br />
associated with aerobic condition<br />
but which can grow in anaerobic condition<br />
facultative parasite = an organism capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> infecting another living organism or<br />
<strong>of</strong> growing on dead organic matter,<br />
according to circumstances<br />
facultative saprobe = an organism capable<br />
<strong>of</strong> growing on dead organic matter, or <strong>of</strong><br />
infecting another living organism, according<br />
to circumstances<br />
fascicle = a litttle group or bundle<br />
fascicular = having growth in fascicles<br />
fistular = hollow, like a pipe<br />
flagellum = a hair-, whip-, or tinsellike structure<br />
that serves to propel a motile cell<br />
(pl. flagella)<br />
funiculose = occurring in ropes or bundles<br />
fusiform = spindlelike, narrowing toward the<br />
end<br />
fusoid = somewhat fusiform<br />
geniculate = bent like a knee<br />
hilum = a scar indicating the point <strong>of</strong> attachment<br />
host = a living organism harboring a parasite;<br />
a living organism on or in which a<br />
parasite lives and from which the parasite<br />
obtains its sustenance<br />
hyaline = colorless, transparent<br />
hypha = one <strong>of</strong> the filaments <strong>of</strong> a mycelium<br />
(pl. hyphae)<br />
imperfect stage = the asexual (usually<br />
conidial) stage <strong>of</strong> a fungus<br />
infest = to introduce a pathogen into the<br />
environment <strong>of</strong> a host. Infestation<br />
should not be confused with infection.<br />
inoculum = dispersal unit capable <strong>of</strong> initiating<br />
disease or introduced for that purpose<br />
isolate = a single spore or pure culture and<br />
the subcultures derived from it<br />
labial palp = feeler for touching or tasting,<br />
attached to thelip<br />
lanceolate = narrow and tapering like the<br />
head <strong>of</strong> a lance<br />
lesion = a discoloration <strong>of</strong> the host around<br />
the point <strong>of</strong> entry<br />
macronematous = morphology very different<br />
from a vegetative hypha and usually<br />
erect<br />
microconidium = a small conidium that <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
acts as aspermatium<br />
(pl. microconidia)<br />
micronematous (conidiophore)= morphologically<br />
resembling a vegetative hypha but<br />
bearing conidia<br />
Appendix 111