Intransitive and transitive verbs

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1
(Intransitive and transitive verbs)
Intransitive verbs
Transitive verbs
(people get together)
(to gather people together)
(an illness heals)
(to cure an illness)
(a clock gets fixed)
(to fix a clock)
(a mistake gets corrected)
(to correct a mistake)
(employment is decided)
(to decide on employment)
(a job continues)
(the water boils)
(to continue a job)
(to bring the water to a boil)
(the food remains)
(to leave some food)
(a kanji is wrong)
(to make a mistake in kanji)
(a window opens)
(to open a window)
(a door closes)
(a wallet drops)
(to close a door)
(to drop a wallet)
(a light turns on)
(to turn on a light)
(a light goes off)
(to turn off a light)

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Intransitive verbs
Transitive verbs
(the phone rings)
(to make a phone call)
(a job changes)
(to change a job)
(grades go up)
(to raise one’s grades)
(a class ends)
(to finish a class)
(a movie begins)
(to begin a movie)
(a child wakes up)
(to wake up a child)
(the child gets in the car)
(to put a child in a car)
(from p.237)
Fill in the blanks using appropriate forms of the expressions from the above chart. Also translate
the whole sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. (road, way)
2

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(future) (to think) (to quit)
(salary)
(to study abroad) (to get a job)
Q1:
Q2:
Q3:
Q4:
Q5:
Q6:
I. Using and
A. Using
A-1.+ affirmative (already; yet(in question))
(I already put the kids into the car.)
(The job has already been decided. / I’ve already got a job)
(Have you prepared for tomorrow yet)
Yeah, I already have.
A-2. + negative (not ~anymore; not ~ any longer)
(I don’t go (there) anymore.)
(This car cannot be fixed any longer. / This car is beyond repair.)
(This job is tough, so I no longer want to do it.)
B. Using

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B-1. +affirmative (still)
(Mr.Tanaka is still continuing that job./Mr.Tanaka is still doing that job.)
(The child is still sleeping.)
(There is still some food left.)
B-2. + negative (not ~ yet)
(I have not collected the money yet.)
(Mr. Yamada has not come here yet.)
*When is followed by an action verb + , it expresses “have not done ~yet”. If
is used with the simple negative form of an action verb, it means “won’t do ~ for a while”.
e.g. I haven’t seen it yet.
I won’t see it for a while.
* can be used to mean “not yet”.
Have you seen the movie yet No, not yet.
2
Practice short exchanges shown in (1)-(4) using the vocabularies below. Use casual language.
(1)
“Have you submitted your hw yet” “Yeah, I already have.”
(2)
“Have you submitted your hw yet” “No, not yet.”
(3)
“Haven’t you submitted your hw yet”
“No, not yet.”

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(4)
“Haven’t you submitted your hw yet”
“Yeah, I already have.”
3
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese. Use polite language.
1. The illness has already healed.
2. The illness has not healed yet.
3. Has the illness healed yet
4. Hasn’t the illness healed yet
5. This illness will not heal any longer.
6. I have already turned off the light.
7. I haven’t turned off the light yet.
8. Have you turned off the light yet
9. Haven’t you turned off the light yet
10. I won’t turn off the light yet.
11. Is Tanaka still sleeping
12. Are you still continuing your job
13. Are you still boiling water

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14. Are you still fixing the clock
15. I won’t make a mistake in kanji anymore.
16. I’m not going to get married for a while.
17. I’m not married yet.
18. Tanaka is not here yet. (He hasn’t come here yet.)
19. I don’t want to study anymore.
20. You’d better wake up the kid already.
II-A. Expressing purpose and reason, using the plain form +
A-1. Expressing purpose, using the verb plain form or the noun plain form +
(in order to ~; for the sake of ~; for ~)
I am studying at this college in order to become a doctor.
I am studying in order to raise my grades.
I want to have a job that will be good for me.
If you don’t like that work, then why are you taking a job at that company
You should experience various things while you are young, for the sake of your future.
* can be followed by when it modifies a noun, because itself is a noun.

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This is the money to buy a new car.
4
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese.
1. I’m studying Japanese to make Japanese friends.
2. I’ve been saving money to buy a new car.
3. We’ll hold a party tomorrow for our father.
4. I’ll quit smoking for my health.
5. This is a computer room for the students of Japanese language.
6. I turned off the light to watch a movie.
7. I turned on the light to read a book.
8. I bought a dress for the wedding ceremony.
9. What are you studying Japanese for
10. My boyfriend will do anything for me.
11. I want to have a part time job that will be good for me.
A-2. Expressing reason or cause, using the plain form +(because ~ ; since ~)

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*When the plain form + expresses a reason or cause, it can be replaced by or . But
is more formal than or , so it is rarely used in casual speech.
Since I was busy with preparations for the wedding, I could not call you.
Since I quit my job, life got tough.
That child is still hospitalized because the injury has not healed.
I can’t go to my part-time job today because I have an exam.
Category Dictionary form Example Meaning
-adjectives
Copula verbs
-adjectives
Verbs
because it is good
because it isn’t good
because it was good
because it wasn’t good
for the sake (because) of the student
because he isn’t a student
because he was a student
because he wasn’t a student
because he is healthy
because he isn’t healthy
because he was healthy
because he wasn’t healthy
in order to do; because he does
because he doesn’t do something
because he did something
because he didn’t do something

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*The -stem of the verb + is also used to express purpose, but this usage is limited to cases
when the main verb is a motion verb, such as . The word can be used
with any verb. When is used with a motion verb, it is usually accompanied by a directional
phrase, and expresses a rather important purpose. On the other hand, the -stem of
verbs + can be used without a directional phrase, and the purpose does not have to be
important.
(This is probably too much - sounds like you are in charge!)
5
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese.
1. Since the weather was bad, the concert at Central Park was cancelled.
2. Since I caught a cold, I couldn’t attend the class.
3. Since I don’t have a license, I cannot drive.
4. Since I was still a high school student that time, I couldn’t go to a bar.
5. Since it is dangerous, please don’t enter here.
6. Because of the illness, I cannot go travel.
7. Because of rain, the baseball game will be cancelled.
8. Since I slept with the window open, I caught a cold.
9. Since my father’s job changed, we moved ().
II-B. Expressing the making of preparations, using -form + (do ~ in advance)

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I will check out various things about graduate school before I graduate.
Please leave the door open because a student is coming.
Your father is coming back soon, so get the bath ready.
*The verb -form + is used when someone has done or is doing something for a future
purpose, or is leaving the current state as it is because of some future consideration.
*The form becomes in casual speech.
e.g.
to leave some food for someone
to consult with the teacher in advance
to ask the president (a favor) in advance
6
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese.
1. You’d better consult with the teacher before deciding on college.
2. I left some cake for Tanaka.
3. Since I heard that it would rain tonight, please close the window before going to bed.
4. Since I’ve never been to Tanaka’s house, I will check a map before going.
5. I fixed tea for you.
6. You’d better get your driver’s license before graduating from high school.

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7. I will be all right because I made a reservation at the restaurant.
8. Please think about the answer to this question/problem by tomorrow.
9. Since Tanaka is coming, please make a cake.
III-B. Expressing the results of intentional action, using -form +
(something has been done)
The dinner has been made for you, so please eat it later.
Since it is hot, the window has been left open.
The hotel reservation has been made, and a plane ticket has been purchased.
As for this issue (about this issue), it has been spoken to the president.
* The verb -form + expresses a state that has resulted from an intentional action. It is
usually used to express a situation where someone has done something for some purpose and the
speaker wants to talk about the state resulting from that action.
*When the main verb is transitive, the direct object can be marked with either or . The
tends to be used if the speaker performed the action.
* Think how the following three sentences are different:
1.
2.
3.
7

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Translate the following English sentences into Japanese.
1. As for the issue about college, it has been consulted with the teacher.
2. Cake has been left for Tanaka.
3. Since I heard that it would rain tonight, the window has been closed.
4. As for Tanaka’s house, it has been found on a map.
5. Tea has been fixed for you.
6. A driver’s license has been obtained.
7. A restaurant reservation has been made.
8. The answer to this question/problem has been thought about.
9. The place of the party has been decided.
IV. Using plain form + the particle
* Note the two exceptions:
A. plain form + (either X or Y)
I intend to look for a job either in Japan or in the United States.
I want to become a lawyer or an accountant in the future.

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I’m thinking of wearing these clothes for either a wedding or graduation.
This weather will probably continue until tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
8
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese.
1. I want to eat either sushi or udon.
2. Please read it by either Monday or Tuesday.
3. May I come either at 5 or 6 o’clock
4. You have to have either your driver’s license or student ID.
5. Tanaka is not here today. He is probably either busy or ill.
6. As for the party, it will be (held) either at a restaurant or a bar.
7. Please bring either a blue pen or a black pen.
8. I think I will make either pasta or steak.
9. Could you teach me either how to make a cake or how to make a pie

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B-1. Embedded yes/no questions, using plain form+(whether or not ~; if~)
I will ask if this illness will be cured.
Please see/check if the wallet was dropped.
9
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese.
1. Please ask whether or not I took a wrong way.
2. I want to know whether or not I will be able to get an A.
3. Please see/check whether or not the light is on.
4. Please see/check whether or not the door is closed.
5. Please see/check whether or not the door has been closed.
6. I don’t know whether or not I like Tanaka.
7. I don’t know whether or not I should go on a date with Tanaka.
8. Please ask Yamada whether or not he wants to marry Suzuki.
9. I want to know whether or not there will be a quiz tomorrow.
10. Please tell me whether or not you are busy tomorrow.
11. Please tell me whether or not the movie was good.
12. Please tell me whether or not your illness healed.

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B-2. Embedded information questions, using plain form+
(when, what, where, etc.)
I don’t know what kind of research Yamada is doing.
I forgot whom I invited to the party.
Please tell me where the meeting hall is.
10
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese.
1. Do you know when Tanaka is coming
2. I want to know what kind of food Tanaka doesn’t like
3. Please tell me where the party is going to be held.
4. Please ask Tanaka who he invited to the party.
5. I know who got an A+.
6. I want to know where Tanaka went.
7. I have to think when I want to get married.
8. I forgot what the homework was.
9. I forgot by when I had to submit the homework.

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V. Using question word +
A. Question word + + negative verb (not ~ any ~ ; no~)
There is nothing in the box.
There is nobody in front of me.
Nobody came yesterday.
I didn’t go anywhere yesterday.
I haven’t eaten anything yet.
I’m so busy and I can’t do any of the things I want to do.
* the question word + can be used only in sentences ending in a negative form. The addition
of to the question word causes the meaning of the phrase to become “not ~ any”.
B. Question word + + affirmative verb (any; whatever/whenever/wherever, etc.)
Kimura can eat anything.
Today is not good, but tomorrow will be fine anytime.
As for me, any restaurant will be fine as long as it serves good food.
“Who shall we invite”
“Anybody you want to.”
“Which one would you like, coffee or tea”
“Whichever is fine with me.”

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Q-word + + +
Affirmative sentence Negative sentence Affirmative sentence
(something) (nothing; not at all) (anything; whatever)
(someone) (nobody) (anybody; whoever)
(sometime) *(never) (anytime, whenever)
(somewhere) *(nowhere) *(anywhere, wherever)
*(not~either) (whichever)
*The phrase and can be used either in an affirmative or a negative sentence.
Tanaka always eats breakfast.
Tanaka never eats breakfast.
I like both of them.
I don’t like either of them.
*The particles and are not used with the question word + or (e.g.
) . However, other particles, such as and are inserted between the
question word and or .
11
Translate the following English sentences into Japanese.
1. You don’t know anything about Japan, do you
2. If (it’s) Japanese food, I like anything.
3. Don’t tell this to anyone!

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4. Whoever is fine (I don’t care who), please help me with cleaning.
5. That kid is always crying.
6. That student never comes with his homework.
7. You can return the book anytime.
8. You can stay here until whenever.
9. Nowhere is safe.
10. As for overseas, I’ve never been to anywhere.
11. I can sleep anywhere.
12. Both are difficult.
13. Neither of them is fun.