ULTIMATE COMPUTING - Quantum Consciousness Studies

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82 Cytoskeleton/Cytocomputer Figure 5.2: Microtubules from PtK2 cells double labeled with antibody and immunogold under high magnification. Large circles (10 nanometer gold particles, arrows) tag glutamated tubulin subunits, small circles (5 nanometer gold particles) label tyrosinated tubulin subunits. With permission from Geuens, Gundersen, Nuydens, Cormellisen, Bulinski, and DeBrabander (1986), courtesy of Marc DeBrabander and Janssen Pharmaceutica Research Laboratories.
Cytoskeleton/Cytocomputer 83 Figure 5.3: Schematic of cellular cytoskeleton/membrane. M: cell membrane, MP: membrane protein, GP: glycoprotein extending into extra-cellular space, MT: microtubules, MF: microfilaments (actin filaments or intermediate filaments), MTL: microtrabecular lattice. Cytoskeletal proteins which connect MT and membrane proteins include spectrin, fodrin, ankyrin, and others. By Fred Anderson. Fischer and Hardy (1899) showed that the new fixatives and stains induced artificial coagulation of gelatin, egg albumin, and other proteins. The coagulation gave rise to beautiful reticular and fibrillar formations and even produced strikingly real, but phoney mitotic spindles! These studies discouraged support for the fibrillar and reticular theories to the extent that many cytologists denied that meshworks seen in fixed material had any validity in the living cell. Butschli added his alveolar foam theory of cytoplasmic structure, claiming that the reticular appearance seen in fixed materials and sometimes in living cells resulted from a honeycomb of vacuoles of one substance crowded together in a continuous phase of another. This theory died because it failed to account for the fixation observations and because vacuolated cytoplasm was uncommon. Meanwhile, observations of true fibrillar formation in living cells were accumulating. The use of polarized light microscopy revealed “birefringent” submicroscopic rods in the cytoplasm of muscle, nerve, sperm, and spindles of dividing cells. Biologists began to consider cytoplasm as a “gel,” in which rod-shaped filaments formed cross linkages. Gel aptly describes the mechanical properties of cytoplasm: an elastic intermeshing of linear crystalline units giving elasticity and rigidity to a fluid while allowing it to flow. The protoplasmic rods revealed by birefringence in polarized microscopy were thought to be proteins, or linear aggregates of proteins, which were held together by hydrogen bonding. Seifriz concluded that the fibrillar “artifacts” produced in cells or protein solutions upon fixation were significant. He suggested that the relatively coarse microscopic threads in fixed materials may be artifactually produced aggregates of important submicroscopic threads, probably linear proteins. To account for the elastic and tensile properties of cytoplasm,
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ULTIMATE COMPUTING 1 ULTIMATE COMPU
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Contents 3 4.3.7 Parallelism, Colle
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Prelude 5 0 Prelude What is this bo
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Toward Ultimate Computing 7 1 Towar
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Toward Ultimate Computing 9 Edmund
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Toward Ultimate Computing 11 Figure
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Toward Ultimate Computing 13 increa
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Toward Ultimate Computing 15 1.3.2
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Toward Ultimate Computing 17 in the
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Toward Ultimate Computing 21 (1981)
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Toward Ultimate Computing 25 A meth
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P Toward Ultimate Computing 27 a la
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Toward Ultimate Computing 29 will b
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Protein Conformational Dynamics 133
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Anesthesia: Another Side of Conscio
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Models of Cytoskeletal Computing 15
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Viruses/Ambiguous Life Forms 185 Fi
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Viruses/Ambiguous Life Forms 187 Fi
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Viruses/Ambiguous Life Forms 189 to
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NanoTechnology 191 micromanipulator
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NanoTechnology 193 Figure 10.2: Nan
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NanoTechnology 195 Figure 10.3: Mul
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NanoTechnology 197 Figure 10.5: STM
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NanoTechnology 199 finger tips to r
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NanoTechnology 201 increased optica
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NanoTechnology 203 A system akin to
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NanoTechnology 205 driving system o
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NanoTechnology 207 Figure 10.14: Co
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NanoTechnology 211 Figure 10.18: ST
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NanoTechnology 213 applied to the s
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NanoTechnology 215 10.7 Replicating
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The Future of Consciousness 217 11
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Bibliography 219 12 Bibliography Aa
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Bibliography 221 Barra H. S., C. A.
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Bibliography 223 Careri, G., U. Buo
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Bibliography 225 Dafu, D. and X. Ji
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Bibliography 227 Eckert, R., Y. Nai
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Bibliography 229 Fröhlich, H. (198
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Bibliography 231 Hameroff, S. R. an
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Bibliography 233 Jacobson, M. (1974
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Bibliography 235 Lakowicz, J. R., H
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Bibliography 237 Margolis, R. L. an
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Bibliography 239 Oparin, A. I. (193
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Bibliography 241 Robinson, A. L. (1
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Bibliography 243 Shimizu, H. and H.
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Bibliography 245 Preparations: Phos
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Bibliography 247 Wisniewski, H., W.
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Bibliography 249 Berghaus, Th., H.
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Bibliography 251 Feenstra, R. M. an
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Bibliography 253 Louis, E., F. Flor
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Bibliography 255 Sonnenfeld, R., an
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Bibliography 257 Muralt, P. and D.
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Bibliography 259 Myhill, J. (1964).
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Bibliography 261 12.6 Quantum Compu
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Bibliography 263 Keyes, R. W. (1972
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Bibliography 265 beta tubulin, 7, 8
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Bibliography 267 dipole interaction
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Bibliography 269 129, 133, 136, 144
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Bibliography 271 Ramon y Cajal, 67
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