ULTIMATE COMPUTING - Quantum Consciousness Studies

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80 Cytoskeleton/Cytocomputer a, 5 Cytoskeleton/Cytocomputer Living organisms are collective assemblies of cells which contain collective assemblies of organized material called protoplasm. In turn, protoplasm consists of membranes, organelles, nuclei and the bulk interior medium of living cells: cytoplasm. Dynamic rearrangements of cytoplasm within eukaryotic cells account for their changing shape, repositioning of internal organelles, and in many cases, movement from one place to another. We now know that the cytoskeleton, a dynamic network of filamentous proteins, is responsible for cytoplasmic organization (Figures 5.1 thru 5.3). 5.1 The Nature of Cytoplasm The nature of cytoplasm has been scientifically studied for at least a century and a half. That history was described by Beth Burnside (1974) in a landmark meeting devoted to the cytoskeleton at the New York Academy of Sciences. An early French observer of cellular material, Felix Du Jardin proposed in 1835 that all cells were composed of a motile material called “sarcode” that had both structural and contractile properties. In 1861, Austrian E. Brucke linked the mechanical and physiological properties of cells to a fundamental organization or architecture of cytoplasm as distinguished from purely chemical or physical properties. Early Dutch microscopist van Leeuwenhoek observed that red blood cells became deformed passing through capillaries Hand then sprang back into shape, demonstrating the elasticity of cytoplasm. The variety of elaborate forms that cells assume and maintain also require some cytoplasmic rigidity, properties which led nineteenth century biologists to conclude that cytoplasm is not merely a liquid nor an emulsion nor an aqueous suspension of life bearing granules. Rather, cytoplasmic architecture and contractility could be explained by the proposal of a mesh-like “reticular” or “fibrous” substructure whose interstices were filled with fluid. To some early biologists, the structure of cytoplasm therefore consisted of a continuous reticular network of delicate fibrils extending through the cell (reticular theory). Others claimed that the fibrils forming the cytoplasmic substratum were unbranched and discontinuous (fibrillar theory). Both of these theories were initially supported, but later deflated, by microscope preparation techniques of fixation and staining which arose between 1870 and 1890. Fibrillar and reticular frameworks appeared everywhere in many types of fixed cells, particularly in muscle, nerve, cartilage and epithelial cells.
Cytoskeleton/Cytocomputer 81 Figure 5.1: Cytoskeletal network in a rat kangaroo kidney cell (ptK2) illustrated by tubulin antibody and light microscopy. Microtubules emanate from a dense MTOC region near the nucleus (N). With permission from Marc DeBrabander (1982).
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ULTIMATE COMPUTING 1 ULTIMATE COMPU
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Contents 3 4.3.7 Parallelism, Colle
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Prelude 5 0 Prelude What is this bo
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Toward Ultimate Computing 7 1 Towar
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Toward Ultimate Computing 17 in the
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Toward Ultimate Computing 21 (1981)
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NanoTechnology 191 micromanipulator
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NanoTechnology 197 Figure 10.5: STM
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NanoTechnology 213 applied to the s
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NanoTechnology 215 10.7 Replicating
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The Future of Consciousness 217 11
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Bibliography 219 12 Bibliography Aa
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Bibliography 221 Barra H. S., C. A.
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Bibliography 223 Careri, G., U. Buo
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Bibliography 225 Dafu, D. and X. Ji
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Bibliography 227 Eckert, R., Y. Nai
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Bibliography 229 Fröhlich, H. (198
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Bibliography 233 Jacobson, M. (1974
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Bibliography 241 Robinson, A. L. (1
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Bibliography 243 Shimizu, H. and H.
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Bibliography 245 Preparations: Phos
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Bibliography 247 Wisniewski, H., W.
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Bibliography 249 Berghaus, Th., H.
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Bibliography 253 Louis, E., F. Flor
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Bibliography 257 Muralt, P. and D.
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Bibliography 259 Myhill, J. (1964).
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Bibliography 261 12.6 Quantum Compu
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Bibliography 263 Keyes, R. W. (1972
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Bibliography 265 beta tubulin, 7, 8
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Bibliography 267 dipole interaction
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Bibliography 269 129, 133, 136, 144
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Bibliography 271 Ramon y Cajal, 67
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