ULTIMATE COMPUTING - Quantum Consciousness Studies

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4 Contents 8.3 The Cytoskeletal Connection........................................................ 181 9 Viruses/Ambiguous Life Forms ............................................................ 184 9.1 What Is the Essence of Living Matter......................................... 184 9.2 Virus (Mis)Behavior..................................................................... 184 9.3 Virus Structure and Collective Oscillations ................................. 186 9.4 Nature and Origin of Viruses........................................................ 187 9.5 Domesticated Viruses ................................................................... 188 10 NanoTechnology............................................................................... 190 10.1 Early NanoTechnologists ......................................................... 190 10.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STMs)............................... 192 10.3 STM/Feynman Machines (FMs) .............................................. 203 10.4 Micro/Nano STM Contest........................................................ 205 10.5 STM/FMs and Molecular Computing ...................................... 205 10.6 STM/FMs and Biomedical Applications.................................. 211 10.7 Replicating Automata............................................................... 215 11 The Future of <strong>Consciousness</strong> ............................................................ 217 12 Bibliography ..................................................................................... 219 12.1 STM References....................................................................... 248 12.2 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopes............................... 256 12.3 Other STM-Related Instruments .............................................. 256 12.4 Replicating Systems References .............................................. 257 12.5 Collective Computing References............................................ 259 12.6 <strong>Quantum</strong> Computing References ............................................. 261 Index ............................................................................................................ 264
Prelude 5 0 Prelude What is this book, and why has it been written by an anesthesiologist This book is a view of the co-evolution of consciousness and technology-past, present and future. This book has been written by an anesthesiologist because of a confluence of two fascinations. The first is the nature of consciousness, which anesthesiologists routinely erase and restore in their patients. The second is a fifteen year trail of notions that would not go away. While a third year medical student in 1972, I spent a summer research elective in a cancer laboratory. For some reason I became fascinated and fixated by one particular question. When cells divided, the chromosomes were separated and daughter cell architecture established by wispy strands called mitotic spindles (“microtubules”) and cylindrical organelles called centrioles. Somehow, the centrioles and spindles “knew” when to move, where to go, and what to do. The uncanny guidance and orientation mechanism of these tiny biomolecular structures seemed to require some kind of motorized intelligence. At about the same time, electron microscopy techniques were revealing the interior of all living cells to be densely filled with wispy strands, some of which were identical to mitotic spindles. Interconnected in dynamic parallel networks, these structures were thought to serve a purely supportive, or mechanical structural role and were collectively termed the “cytoskeleton.” But several factors suggested that the cytoskeleton was more than the structural “bones” of the cell: they manipulated dynamic activities, orchestrating complex and highly efficient processes such as cell growth, mitosis and transport. Another factor was a lack of any other candidate for “real time” dynamic organization within cells. Long term blueprints and genetic information clearly resided in DNA and RNA, and membranes performed dynamic functions at cell surfaces. However, a mechanism for the moment to moment execution, organization, and activities within cells remained unknown. Where was the nervous system within the cell Was there a biological controller This book is based on the premise that the cytoskeleton is the cell’s nervous system, the biological controller/computer. In the brain this implies that the basic levels of cognition are within nerve cells, that cytoskeletal filaments are the roots of consciousness. The small size and rapid conformational activities of cytoskeletal proteins are just beyond the resolution of current technologies, so their potential dynamics remain unexplored and a cytoskeletal controlling capability untested. Near future technologies will be able to function in the nanoscale (nano = 10 -9 ; nanometer = one billionth meter, nanosecond = one billionth second and will hopefully resolve these questions. If indeed cytoskeletal dynamics are the texture of intracellular information processing, these same “nanotechnologies” should enable direct monitoring, decoding and interfacing between biological and technological information devices. This in turn could result in important biomedical applications and perhaps a merger of mind and machine: Ultimate Computing. A thorough consideration of these ideas involves a number of disciplines, all of which are at least tangentially related to anesthesiology. These include biochemistry, cognitive science, computer science, engineering, mathematics, microbiology, molecular biology, pharmacology, philosophy, physics, physiology, and psychology. As an expert in none, but a dabbler in all, I hope true experts in these fields will find my efforts never-the-less interesting. Starting from a cytoskeletal perspective, this book flings metaphors at the truth. Perhaps one or more will land on target, or at least come close.
Page 1 and 2: ULTIMATE COMPUTING 1 ULTIMATE COMPU
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Origin and Evolution of Life 55 Fig
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From Brain to Cytoskeleton 59 4 Fro
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Anesthesia: Another Side of Conscio
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NanoTechnology 191 micromanipulator
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NanoTechnology 197 Figure 10.5: STM
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NanoTechnology 213 applied to the s
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NanoTechnology 215 10.7 Replicating
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The Future of Consciousness 217 11
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Bibliography 219 12 Bibliography Aa
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Bibliography 221 Barra H. S., C. A.
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Bibliography 223 Careri, G., U. Buo
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Bibliography 225 Dafu, D. and X. Ji
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Bibliography 227 Eckert, R., Y. Nai
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Bibliography 229 Fröhlich, H. (198
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Bibliography 233 Jacobson, M. (1974
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Bibliography 259 Myhill, J. (1964).
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Bibliography 265 beta tubulin, 7, 8
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Bibliography 267 dipole interaction
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Bibliography 271 Ramon y Cajal, 67
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