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MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR Training materials have been prepared as a set of 6 (six) separate modules. But modules are directly related to each other for completion of the topics covered by <strong>training</strong> <strong>course</strong>. Modules supplement each other. It is very obvious that, as being our first <strong>training</strong> <strong>course</strong> and first <strong>training</strong> documents regarding radars in English, those <strong>training</strong> documents, most probably, will be in need of reviewed and modified in some topics. Whoever makes any comment, recommendations and corrections will be highly appreciated. We think those invaluable contributions will pave our way for further activities. 1.2. A few words on weather radars To watch the atmosphere and the weather phenomena occurred is getting more and more important for the developing world. To be able to meet the meteorological requirements of the developing world, it is very obvious that there is a necessity for the provision of accurate and timely weather observations which will be the essential input of weather forecasts and numerical weather prediction models, research studies on climate and climate change, sustainable development, environment protection, renewable energy sources, etc. All outputs and products of any system are input dependant. So, accuracy, reliability and efficiency of the products of any meteorological study will depend on its input: Observation. It is vital to observe the weather and to make weather prediction timely especially for severe weather conditions to be able to warn the public in due <strong>course</strong>. One of the most important and critical instruments developed and offered by the modern technology for observing weather and early warning systems are weather radars. It would not be a wrong comment to say that radar is the only and essential sensor which can provide real time and accurate information on hazardous weather phenomena such as strong wind, heavy precipitation and hail in large scale area. Doppler and wind profiling radars are proving to be extremely valuable in providing data of highresolution in both space and, especially in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Doppler radars are used extensively as part of national, and increasingly of regional networks, mainly for short range forecasting of severe weather phenomena. Particularly useful is the Doppler radar capability of making wind measurements and estimates of rainfall amounts. Wind profiler radars are especially useful in making observations between balloon-borne soundings, and have great potential as a part of integrated observing networks. TURKEY RADAR TRAINING 1.0 / ALANYA 2005 3
MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR Hydrologists need precipitation measurements. As simple as it looks, as difficult it is to obtain reliable data. We know that rain gauge measurements have errors, owing to the type of the instrument and to the site. Wind, snowfall, drop-size influence the results. But the largest problem is the areal representativeness. Measurements on a surface of 200 or 400 cm2 are used to estimate the rainfall on areas in the order of magnitude of 100 km2. Knowing the spatial variability of rainfall, especially during flood events, it is obvious that point measurements, even if the measurement itself would be correct, are heavily biased. The hope of hydrologists and meteorologists is concentrated on radar measurements. Radar provides images of instantaneous rainfall intensity distribution over large areas. However, when trying to obtain the desired quantitative results one encounters a series of problems. Radar measures an echo, which is influenced by type, size and concentration of particles, all depending on the meteorological conditions, ground clutter, shadowing by mountain ridges, attenuation and parameters of the instrument itself. Calibration based directly on physical data is not possible, owing to the simple fact that no reliable data are available, since, as indicated above, rain gauge data are in error too. So one tries to obtain the best possible agreement with point measurements, being aware, that neither the gauge value nor the radar interpretation is necessarily correct. Therefore, radar is, and will be in future as well, a semi-quantitative measurement device. 4 TURKEY RADAR TRAINING 1.0 / ALANYA 2005
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