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MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR As a result, formulas can be written as follows: ! Point target radar equation: p r p g λ A 2 2 t 3 64π r σ 4 = ( ) 2 ! Meteorological target radar equation p r 5 2 π pt g θφτ c K = 2 1024ln2λ r 2 zl 2.5. Block Diagram of A Radar Radar systems, like other complex electronics systems, are composed of several major subsystems and many individual circuits. Although modern radar systems are quite complicated, you can easily understand their operation by using a basic radar block diagram. The Figure -2.14 below shows us the basic radar block diagram. Figure -2.14: Basic Radar Diagram TURKEY RADAR TRAINING 1.0 / ALANYA 2005 23
MODULE A- INTRODUCTION TO RADAR The parts of this block diagram in Figure-2.14. are described below: Master Clock/Computer: In older radars, this device was called the master clock. It would generate all of the appropriate signals and send them to the appropriate components of the radar. In modern radars, the function of the master clock has been taken over by the ubiquitous computer. Computers now control radars just as they control many other parts of modern technology. Transmitter: The source of the EM radiation emitted by a radar is the transmitter. It generates the high frequency signal which leaves the radar’s antenna and goes out into the atmosphere. The transmitter generates powerful pulses of electromagnetic energy at precise intervals. The required power is obtained by using a high-power microwave oscillator (such as a magnetron) or a microwave amplifier (such as a klystron) that is supplied by a low- power RF source. Modulator: The purpose of modulator is to switch the transmitter on and off and to provide the correct waveform for the transmitted pulse. That is, the modulator tells the transmitter when to transmit and for what duration. Waveguide: Figure 1.2.6 shows that the connecting the transmitter and the antenna is waveguide. This is usually a hollow, rectangular, metal conductor whose interior dimensions depend upon the wavelength of the signals being carried. Waveguide is put together much like the copper plumbing in a house. Long piece of waveguide are connected together by special joints to connect the transmitter/receiver and the antenna. Antenna: The antennas are the device which sends the radar’s signal into atmosphere. Most antennas used with radars are directional; that is, they focus the energy into a particular direction and not other directions. An antenna that sends radiation equally in all directions is called isotropic antenna. Receiver: The receiver is designed to detect and amplify the very weak signals received by antenna. Radar receivers must be of very high quality because the signals that are detected are often very weak. 24 TURKEY RADAR TRAINING 1.0 / ALANYA 2005
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