SOUVENIR COMMITTEE - Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

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Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ] DR. JYOTSANA RAI Scientist E Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany 53, University Road Lucknow 226 007 Email: jyotsana_rai@yahoo.com Obtained M.Sc. degree [1978] in Geology; Proficiency in French [1979], and Ph.D. [1988] on topic entitled “Calcareous Nannoplankton on Eocene of Kutch, Western India.” from Lucknow University Specialization: Calcareous Nannofossils, Organic Petrography She is associated with several Scientific Bodies and to name a few are - Member National Advisory Committee, The Ninth International Congress on Jurassic System to be held 06- 09 January 2014; Member, National working group IGCP- 506 Marine and Non –marine Jurassic: Global correlation and major geologic events (2005- 2009). Sponsoring Agency GSI, Kolkata; Co-ordinator International Conference on Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Basins in India, Pakistan and the Middle East (Feb. 20-21, 2008), Geology Department, University of Jammu, Jammu; Member International Nannoplankton Association She is currently running a DST - Sponsored Project (No. SR/S4/ES-521/2010(G) ) as Project Investigator on Integrated nannofossil - ammonite biostratigraphy of Wagad Island, Kachchh Basin: Palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographic implications Stood First in order of merit in M.Sc. International Deputation: 1. 9 th International Nannoplankton Association Conference, Parma 8- 14 Sept.2002 and 6 th International Symposium on the Jurassic System, Mondello, Sicily, 15- 19 Sept. 2002, ITALY. 2. Visited U.K. for three months (from 21 th March to18 th June 2008) for availing fellowship under INSA Exchange Programme to work with Drs. Jeremy Reupert Young & Susanne Fiest Burkhardt (Natural History Museum) and Dr. Paul Bown (University College London).Conducted researches concerning Juarssic nannofossils from classical western Indian sections and its comparison with European stratotypic Jurassic nanno - assemblages. The outcome may throw light on identification of substitute markers, species dispersal, provincialism, palaeobiogeography and integration of nannofossil with the ammonite zonation will permit and establish the nannofossil zonal indices in the mixed Tethyan province vis-a-vis European Mediterranean area during Jurassic time. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 13
Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ] NANNAOFOSSILS : THE SIZE MATTERS AND A MATTER OF SIZE JYOTSANA RAI Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road, Lucknow 226007 Email: jyotsana_rai@yahoo.com “If you are small you have room to grow, but if you have grown where do you go?” The tiniest microplantons known to mankind are picoplanktons about which knowledge is obscure. The minutest plankton group in hierarchy is nannoplantons (that passes the plankton mesh). Coccolithophores include all haptophyte algae possessing calcified scales (coccoliths) at some stage in their life cycle. They belong to division Haptophyta and class Prymnesiophyceae. Calcareous nannoplankton fossils form a significant part of the modern carbonate depositional system and have been important since the Late Mesozoic. Coccoliths are remarkable biomineral structures and are about 100times smaller than foraminifers. Their taxonomy is based on morphologic description of the micrometric calcareous liths or scales covering their cells and preserved in deep ocean sediments. These coccoliths constitute only the unit elements of the entire extra-cellular architecture of the organisms- the coccosphere. The need of optical combined with electron microscopes for morpho-taxonomic identificationis pre-requisite. Their morphological diversity is best known among any group of primary producers. Their morphological expressions are holococcoliths and heterococcoliths. Several coccolithophores display complex haplo-diploid life – cycles with the display of two or even three radically different coccoliths in the different stages. The coccolithophore became the important participants in the carbonate cycle of the Jurassic, but during Jurassic time span they were restricted to shelf and epeiric sea environments only. They spread into the open oceans in the Cretaceous and became the major factor in governing the carbonate cycle in the sea to the extent of became rock builders by producing chalk. With the advent of dissolution resistant forms e.g. Watznaueria barnesae, the coccolithophores migrated to the major site of carbonate deposition from shallow seas to deep ocean. The overall effect of coccolithophore evolution has been to move carbonate deposition to the deep sea, where coccolith oozes accumulate on ocean crust and will ultimately be subducted. Only a fraction of the carbon in the subducted carbonate is returned to the surface through volcanic activity. If this activity were to continue for several hundreds of millions of years the coccolithophores would remove much of the carbon from the surface of Earth to be emplaced in the mantle. And ultimately return the carbonate to the atmosphere as CO2 to participate in rock weathering process. It is possible that coccolithophore speciation changes could have influenced Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions to the early atmosphere and may have contributed to palaeotemperature fluctuations. They were first recorded by C. G. Ehrenberg in 1836 while examining Cretaceous chalk from the island of Rügen in the Baltic Sea. In 1858 Sir T. H. Huxley while working with North Atlantic sediments named these small structures as “coccoliths”. Both of them considered these platelets as inorganic. H. C. Sorby (1861) observed the curvature of these small discs and considered them organic. Bramlette & Matini (1964) described their biostratigraphic potential for the first time. Their tiny size, short stratigraphic and wide biogeographic ranges make them ideal for biostratigraphical correlation especially in marine Mesozoic - Cenozoic sediments. They are most important group for dating in Deep Sea Drilling Projects and Ocean Drilling Programmes. A pin head amount material, acid free preparation technique and need of a sophisticated high- power polarizing microscope are some of the requirements for the study of this group. In petroleum industry this is the favoured branch of micropaleontologists. They are in astronomical numbers in a small fraction of a deep sea core and here the size matters! Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 14
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Page 5: Contents From the Desk of Director,
Page 9 and 10: Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY
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Page 47 and 48: THE TRAINEES • [ Profiles ] 3
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Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY
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SOUVENIR COMMITTEE - Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

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