SOUVENIR COMMITTEE - Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

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Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ] HISTORY OF PALEONTOLOGY, ADVANCES IN MICROFOSSIL STUDIES,BIOCHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY, RESOLUTION ACHIEVED APPLICATION IN HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION DSN RAJU MSR Residency, 2 nd Floor, Pragati Marg, J.N.Road, Rajahmundry-533103, A.P., India E-mail: rajudsn1@gmail.com Paleontology is one of the historical sciences along with archaeology, geology, biology, astronomy, cosmology and history itself. Before 17 th, Paleontology focuses on the macroscopic animal fossils preserved on the rocks based on the available information. The information of small fishes and marine shells on inland mountains were given by Xenophanes, Pythagora and Xanthus and large benthic foraminifera Nummulites (Herodotus). The Paleontology was used to understand the nature of mountains, climate, sea-level change, paleogeography: The 17 th century: the first diagram illustrating the disposition of strata, and its unconformity of later beds on earlier inclined strata (Steno,1638-1687), The outstanding geological figure of the 17 th century was undoubtedly carried out for advent of cryptic fauna (Micrograptia, 1665), foraminifera (Rotalia); sutures of ammonites (Hook 1965) under compound microscopes which named as micropaleontology and possible used in as a chronological index (extinction of species). After a centaury, a new branch named Palynology for the pollen and spores was introduced by Hyde and Williams in 1944. They are monumental in integration of microfossil data with other branches of geology in interpretation of plate tectonics and paleogeography. The birth of economic or commercial micropaleontology can be attributed to the advent of oil industry. This signalled the present “Application phase of micropaleontology in Hydrocarbon exploration and production.’ The advent of sequence stratigraphy in 1977 demanded a major role by micropaleontologists. Advances in the study of microfossils: The morphological nature of forms to molecular (ribosomal DNA sequences) micro-paleontology suggested by various workers (Srinivasan, 2007, Hayward et al 2003). Hydrocarbon reservoirs were first predicted based on the recovery of microfossils from well to well ( Gryzbowski, 1980). A detailed account on advances in the application of biostratigraphy to Petroleum Exploration and Production (Giwa et.al. 2006). The sub branches include: 1. Biostratigraphy, 2. Biostratigraphic events concept, 3. High resolution biostratigraphy, 4. Wellsite biostratigraphic support, 5. Biosteering, 6. Ecostratigraphic techniques, 7. Quantitative stratigraphy and 8. Biostratigraphic workstation. Studies on stable isotopes and trace elements in foraminifera as proxy of paleoclimate, paleobiology and paleooceanography are under progress in India. Resolution achieved in biochronostratigraphy through various tools/methods: Microfossils palyed/ playing a major role in Dating of sediments, seismic origins and well log breaks, Well to well, inter basinal and intercontinental correlations,Determination of paleoenvironments/ paleobathymetries, recognition and estimation of duration of hiatuses including submarine, eEstablishing biochronostratigraphic frame work,3 rd , 4 th , 5 th /6 th order stratigraphic cycles and relative sea level fluctuations and an independent scheme of foraminiferal sequence stratigraphy and to some extent dinoflagellates cysts sequence stratigraphy. Geosteering is related to process of drilling a borehole; adjusting the borehole position( inclination and azimuth angles) on the fly to reach one or more geological targets. Biosteering is combined data of paleontological related to the entombed microfossils in rocks in horizontal wells and LWD (log whilst drilling) for steering decisions. Because of fossils allow determination of Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 11
Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY IN FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION” [ September 10-17, 2012 ] stratigraphic position (above or below target porosity). It is relatively inexpensive compared with having larger suits of logging tools in the hole to determine the stratigraphic position, Paleoceanography, Monsoon timings, Evolution of life, understanding orogenic and plate tectonics. Biostratigraphy / Precise zone based on planktonic foraminifera, nannoplankton, spore-pollen, acritarchs and dinoflagellates cysts from the Cretaceous and Cenozoic surface-subsurface strata.are most useful and actually applied day to day in HC exploration and major hiatus and sea level in KG basins. Cauvery and Rajasthan and also Terrtiary sediments in Kutch. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 12
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Training Programme on “PALYNOLOGY
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SOUVENIR COMMITTEE - Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany

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