Lighting Management Plan - International Dark-Sky Association
Lighting Management Plan - International Dark-Sky Association
Lighting Management Plan - International Dark-Sky Association
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Prepared for – Brecon Beacons National Park Authority<br />
By James H Paterson BA(Hons), CEng, FILP, MCIBSE<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd.<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road,<br />
Moffat DG10 9BT<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 1 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Contents<br />
Brecon Beacons National Park – <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve<br />
External <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
1 Preamble<br />
1.1 Introduction to <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong>s<br />
1.2 Introduction to Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
1.3 The Astronomers’ Point of View<br />
1.4 Night <strong>Sky</strong> Quality Survey<br />
1.5 Technical <strong>Lighting</strong> Data<br />
2 <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Boundaries and Light Limitation Policy<br />
2.1 <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve - Core Zone<br />
2.2 “Fully Shielded” concept visualisation<br />
2.3 <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve - Buffer Zone<br />
2.4 External Zone – General<br />
2.5 External Zone – Immediate Surrounds<br />
3 Performance Requirements – General<br />
3.1 Recommendations for non residential outdoor lighting<br />
3.2 Roadmap for Traffic and Residential Area lighting<br />
3.3 Non-photometric Recipe method for domestic exterior lighting<br />
4 Permitted and Non-Permitted <strong>Lighting</strong> Applications<br />
5 Existing <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
5.1 General<br />
5.2 Core Zone <strong>Lighting</strong> Inventory<br />
5.3 Critical Buffer Zone Domestic / Farm / B&B <strong>Lighting</strong> Inventory<br />
5.4 "Control" Village Domestic <strong>Lighting</strong> Inventory (Representative)<br />
5.5 Critical Buffer Zone Commercial <strong>Lighting</strong> Inventory<br />
5.6 Summary Table of all Four Inventories<br />
5.7 Brecon Beacons Buffer Zone Public <strong>Lighting</strong> Town Totals<br />
5.8 Luminaire Profiles<br />
5.9 Brecon Public <strong>Lighting</strong> Inventory<br />
5.10 Other "Public" <strong>Lighting</strong> in National Park<br />
6 Summary of Brecon Beacons <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve <strong>Plan</strong> Statements<br />
Appendix A – Definitions<br />
Appendix B – Night <strong>Sky</strong> Brightness Nomogram<br />
Appendix C – Commercial luminaire examples for Environmental Zone E1<br />
Appendix D – Domestic <strong>Lighting</strong> – Equipment Profiles<br />
Appendix E – Domestic Lamp Wattage and Lumen Output Chart<br />
Appendix F – Property Self-Audit Guidelines – The Next Step<br />
Appendix G - Design / <strong>Plan</strong>ning Guidance Note<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 2 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
1 Preamble<br />
English<br />
1.1 Introduction to <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong>s<br />
The provision of and also the continued working to a<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> is an essential element,<br />
required by the <strong>International</strong> <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> <strong>Association</strong><br />
(IDA), when considering the initial merits of their <strong>Dark</strong><br />
<strong>Sky</strong> Award process and also their continued monitoring<br />
of the night sky quality. The IDA also have the option<br />
of withdrawing their support of any award if future sky<br />
measurements show a marked decrease in star<br />
visibility.<br />
Therefore in addition to forming an essential part of a<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve application for appraisal by the IDA<br />
the ongoing purpose of this <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
(LMP) is to provide a base document of advice and<br />
recommendations for the National Park Authority and<br />
commerce alike. Its use will help to mitigate the effects<br />
of stray and obtrusive light, often generally referred to<br />
as “light pollution”, from all exterior lighting whether the<br />
lighting is intended for domestic, public, agriculture or<br />
commercial use. To this end the document is not<br />
regulatory but will outline strategies of best working<br />
practice to follow in both :-<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Plan</strong>ning for lighting with appropriate design<br />
and planning guidelines<br />
and<br />
Appropriate choice of lighting fixtures and<br />
correct lighting installation practice<br />
This plan’s principal aim is to provide practical advice<br />
on mitigating stray light, which astronomers may find<br />
obtrusive, within the boundaries of Brecon Beacons<br />
National Park, which is situated in the south of Wales.<br />
Although the advice given is relative to the park all the<br />
guidelines can be equally followed in the other parts of<br />
the adjacent counties. This will help to protect,<br />
maintain or even, hopefully, improve the existing dark<br />
sky attributes and the rural environmental setting of<br />
intrinsic darkness, which is enjoyed by Brecon<br />
Beacons residents.<br />
All National Parks are administered by their National<br />
Park Authority which exists:-<br />
Welsh Translation<br />
1.1 Cyflwyniad i Gynlluniau Rheoli Golau<br />
Mae darparu Cynllun Rheoli Golau, a gweithio yn unol<br />
â chynllun o’r fath yn barhaus, yn elfen hanfodol sy’n<br />
ofynnol gan y Gymdeithas Awyr Dywyll Ryngwladol,<br />
wrth ystyried rhinweddau cychwynnol ei phroses<br />
Dyfarniad Awyr Dywyll a hefyd ei monitro parhaus o<br />
ansawdd awyr y nos. Gall y Gymdeithas hefyd ddewis<br />
tynnu ei chefnogaeth i unrhyw ddyfarniad yn ôl os bydd<br />
mesuriadau awyr yn dangos gostyngiad amlwg i<br />
welededd sêr yn y dyfodol.<br />
Felly, yn ogystal â bod yn rhan annatod o gais am<br />
werthusiad Gwarchodfa Awyr Dywyll gan y<br />
Gymdeithas, diben parhaus y Cynllun Rheoli Golau<br />
hwn yw cynnig dogfen gyngor ac argymhellion<br />
sylfaenol i Awdurdod y Parc Cenedlaethol a byd<br />
masnach. Bydd ei ddefnyddio yn cynorthwyo i liniaru<br />
effeithiau golau strae ac ymwthiol, y cyfeirir ato’n<br />
gyffredinol yn aml fel “llygredd golau”, o bob math o<br />
olau allanol boed y bwriedir i’r golau gael ei ddefnyddio<br />
at ddibenion domestig, cyhoeddus, amaethyddol neu<br />
fasnachol. I’r diben hwn, nid yw’r ddogfen yn<br />
rheoleiddiol, ond bydd yn amlinellu strategaethau o<br />
arfer gweithio gorau i’w dilyn o ran:-<br />
<br />
Cynllunio ar gyfer goleuadau â chanllawiau dylunio a<br />
chynllunio priodol<br />
a<br />
Dewis priodol o osodiadau golau ac arfer gosod<br />
goleuadau cywir<br />
Prif nod y cynllun hwn yw darparu cyngor ymarferol ar<br />
liniaru golau strae, y gallai seryddwyr ei ystyried yn<br />
ymwthiol, o fewn ffiniau Parc Cenedlaethol Bannau<br />
Brycheiniog, sydd wedi ei leoli yn ne Cymru.<br />
Er bod y cyngor a roddir yn ymwneud â’r parc, gellir<br />
dilyn yr holl ganllawiau yn y rhannau eraill o’r siroedd<br />
cyfagos hefyd. Bydd hyn yn cynorthwyo i amddiffyn,<br />
cynnal neu hyd yn oed, gobeithio, wella priodweddau<br />
awyr dywyll a’r awyrgylch amgylcheddol gwledig o<br />
dywyllwch cynhenid a fwynheir gan drigolion Bannau<br />
Brycheiniog.<br />
Gweinyddir pob Parc Cenedlaethol gan yr Awdurdod<br />
Parc Cenedlaethol sy’n bodoli:-<br />
<br />
To conserve and enhance the natural<br />
beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the<br />
National Park.<br />
and<br />
I warchod a gwella harddwch naturiol, bywyd<br />
gwyllt a threftadaeth ddiwylliannol y Parc<br />
Cenedlaethol.<br />
Ac<br />
<br />
To promote opportunities for the<br />
understanding and enjoyment of the<br />
special qualities of the National Park by<br />
the public.<br />
The protection of the remaining dark night sky<br />
fulfils key elements in both of these two national<br />
objectives.<br />
I hybu cyfleoedd i’r cyhoedd ddeall a mwynhau<br />
nodweddion arbennig y Parc Cenedlaethol.<br />
<br />
<br />
Mae gwarchod awyr dywyll y nos sy’n weddill yn<br />
bodloni elfennau allweddol yn y ddau amcan<br />
cenedlaethol hwn.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 3 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
1.2 Introduction to Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
There are 14 National Parks in Britain with three of those parks in Wales namely Snowdonia,<br />
in the north, Pembrokeshire, in the south west, and Brecon Beacons in the mid south of the<br />
country. The general location of the park is shown in Figure 1.1.<br />
Brecon Beacons<br />
National Park<br />
(see next page for<br />
enlargement)<br />
© Crown copyright and database rights<br />
2011 Ordnance Survey 100024878<br />
Figure 1.1 – General location of Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 4 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
The park is 520 square miles and provides an area of peace and tranquillity just north of the<br />
heavily urbanised area of south Wales, famed for its coal mining industry in past years. This<br />
industry has declined recently leaving some of the towns with a decreasing population.<br />
When the park boundaries were being drawn up in 1957 several large urban settlements<br />
were excluded to assist in maintaining a tranquil setting, however, the settlements of Brecon,<br />
Crickhowell, Gilwern and Hay-on-Wye were included although they have expanded with<br />
time. From the 2001 census there were 32,654 people living within the park and some 46%<br />
of this total reside in these 4 settlement areas.<br />
Libanus Visitor Centre<br />
Craig-y-nos Visitor Centre<br />
Youth Hostel<br />
Figure 1.2 Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
The landscape of the 520 square miles has a high proportion of rural upland and dominated<br />
(about 2/3rds) by four distinct blocks of red sandstone hills stretching across the park from<br />
east to west. The Black Mountain (Y Mynydd Du) (802m), Fforest Fawr (Great Forest) is a<br />
series of low lying hills, the Brecon Beacons (Bannau Brycheiniog) an escarpment rising to<br />
886m and a further group of hills called The Black Mountains with the highest point of 811m<br />
on Waun Fach near the park and Welsh boundary. This range of high ground plays a very<br />
important role in the natural shielding of light pollution, from the urbanised areas like<br />
Rhondda and Merthyr Tidfil areas just south of the park boundary, for residents living north<br />
of the Brecon Beacons.<br />
Each of those rock blocks give rise to many rivers, glacial lakes, reservoirs and valleys<br />
containing a rich heritage of historical culture and providing a host of beauty spots including<br />
waterfalls, natural caves and bronze age settlement remains. In landscape classification<br />
terms a National Park has greater planning protection significance than an Area of<br />
Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and the conservation of landscape and environment<br />
heritage is uppermost in the Brecon Beacons National Park.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 5 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Within the park boundary<br />
there are 79 Sites of Special<br />
Scientific Interest (SSSI's),<br />
where the very best examples<br />
of wildlife and geology can be<br />
found. Of these there are 17<br />
SSSI's within the proposed<br />
Core Zone.<br />
In July 2011 a research team<br />
located rare night loving<br />
Silurian Moths within the<br />
Hatterill Hill SSSI.<br />
There are also seven National<br />
Nature Reserves, four of<br />
which will be within the rural<br />
remoteness of the proposed<br />
Core Zone.<br />
Figure 1.3 View of Beacons from Upper Cantref looking south west<br />
Additionally there are 7 smaller Nature Reserves. In recognition of the richness of its<br />
scientific qualities, stunning landscapes, historical or cultural interest and more importantly<br />
educational value the creation of the Great Forest (Fforest Fawr) Geopark was established<br />
in 2005. This area, in the western half of the national park, is approximately 300 square<br />
miles and could contain the proposed core zone of the <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve.<br />
There are 11 conservation areas where repairs and reconstruction works on many buildings<br />
are carefully controlled by planning guidelines with restrictions in pursuance of the unique<br />
character of Brecon Beacons settlements. Although there are conservation areas close to<br />
the proposed core zone, the conservation of intrinsic darkness is uppermost in this<br />
document.<br />
There are approximately 2 million residents living within easy reach (1 hour drive) to people<br />
living in South Wales and Bristol. There are probably more than 5 million living within a 2<br />
hour drive from the Midlands. The Brecon Beacons is the closest mountainous area to<br />
London. Tranquillity is a special feature of National Parks and the Authority are encouraged<br />
to provide recreation that involves “quiet enjoyment”. The introduction of astronomy<br />
facilities fits into this tranquillity outreach. Amateur astronomers also form part of the<br />
tourism outreach to attract more visitors as is now recorded in other <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> award<br />
areas.<br />
As part of the education outreach programme the Brecon Beacons NP call on two visitor<br />
Centres and a Youth Hostel (shown in Figure 1.2) where primary, secondary or further<br />
education groups can meet to learn more about conservation in the outdoor environment.<br />
The visitor centre at Libanus is located at over 300 metres above sea level and enjoys<br />
splendid isolation with easy access to a wide variety of habitats and dark landscapes and<br />
this makes it an ideal open location for night time astronomy workshops.<br />
The protection of the existing dark night sky over the National Park is crucial in this<br />
tourist outreach objective.<br />
This <strong>Lighting</strong> Master <strong>Plan</strong> (LMP) only uses the uniqueness relating to the exterior lighting<br />
issues and does not intend to diminish the importance of the many other unique issues in the<br />
National Park area.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 6 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
The Brecon Beacons National Park boundary is included within nine Local Municipal<br />
Authorities although two share an area of only 4 hectares within the park boundary. The<br />
remaining five with their percentage within the park area are:- Powys (66%),<br />
Carmarthenshire (16.7%), Monmouthshire County Councils (11%), the District Councils of<br />
Merthyr Tydfil (1.8%) and Rhondda/Cynnon/Taf (4.2%). In addition to the South Wales<br />
Highways Agency, which maintains the motorway and trunk road network, these five local<br />
authorities maintain a total of at least 3,200 street lighting units within the park boundary.<br />
Although the local authorities provide community services within their respective boundaries<br />
like highway maintenance, street lighting and environmental health facilities the overall<br />
planning and building control is governed by the National Park Authority. However, the land<br />
ownership, within each park, is split between several owners.<br />
Brecon Beacons land ownership is divided between the following:-<br />
Brecon Beacons National Park Authority 13.5%<br />
Forestry Commission 7.7%<br />
Welsh Water 4.2%<br />
National Trust 3.7%<br />
Farmers (majority holding) 70%<br />
Although there are about 1250 farms making up this 70% ownership at least<br />
35% of the park area is termed "Commons" to which the public have the<br />
freedom to wander.<br />
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (often known as the CRoW Act) in England<br />
and Wales sets a legal duty on public bodies to have regard to conserve and enhance<br />
natural beauty and it updates the original law which created National Parks. The CRoW Act<br />
commons for "Open Access" are shaded yellow on Ordnance Survey "Explorer" maps.<br />
In addition to the many public highways, which pass through the park, there are 1,800 public<br />
rights of way with a total length of 1,232 miles (1,983 Km) accessible by cycle, horse or<br />
simply walking to appreciate the park’s tranquil settings.<br />
Brecon Beacons National Park Authority (The Authority) is empowered with planning<br />
control within the park boundary and all planning applications require approval by<br />
The Authority. Therefore the adoption of this External <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
recommendations will ensure that there will be no further degradation in the quality of<br />
the night sky due to future developments within the Park boundary.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 7 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
1.3 The Astronomers’ Point of View<br />
More than 20 years ago the British Astronomical <strong>Association</strong> (BAA) forged links with the<br />
Institution of <strong>Lighting</strong> Engineers (ILE) (renamed in 2010 as the Institution of <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Professionals (ILP)) to open discussions on the plight of amateur astronomers. The problem<br />
was that views of the stars at night were being diminished by stray upward artificial light from<br />
outdoor lighting. This included elements such as old style street lighting and poorly installed<br />
floodlighting installations, as well as other commercial, advertising and domestic lighting.<br />
There are many reasons why obtrusive light should be prevented but there are two prime<br />
objectives for adequate control and they are:-<br />
To minimise the problems it creates for human beings, plants and animals<br />
thereby improving amenity and biodiversity.<br />
Reduce unnecessary consumption of electricity and demands on fossil fuels<br />
thereby minimising carbon footprint and global pollution.<br />
Combating poor light control for astronomers assists in achieving both of these prime<br />
objectives but this is only part of an international obtrusive light control issue.<br />
This document has been commissioned with the prime objective of promoting the use of the<br />
intrinsic darkness of Brecon Beacons to view the stars in the night sky. The document<br />
therefore concentrates on mitigating any obtrusive light elements which could cause a<br />
nuisance, from both the astronomers’ and residents’ viewpoint, by:-<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Maintaining or improving the night sky darkness as a background to view the star<br />
constellations.<br />
Promoting a good practice working document for Brecon Beacons commercial and<br />
agricultural use, and to be accessible by residents, hoteliers and any other tourist<br />
related promotion.<br />
Promoting the use of quality domestic lighting equipment with good light control.<br />
Encouraging improvement, adaptation or changing of existing lighting equipment.<br />
Creating a benchmark to achieve <strong>International</strong> <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve (IDSR) status for<br />
Brecon Beacons National Park from the <strong>International</strong> <strong>Dark</strong>-<strong>Sky</strong> <strong>Association</strong> (IDA) .<br />
Unlike some other countries the UK has no regulatory governing body which provides<br />
exterior lighting, however, Professional Institutions such as the ILP, the Society of Light and<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> (SLL), the Commission <strong>International</strong>e de l’Eclairage (CIE) and British Standards all<br />
provide illuminating engineering background advice and recommendations for engineers to<br />
follow and adapt to suit different geographic locations.<br />
Likewise it is important to understand that apart from Brecon Beacons National Park<br />
Authority (the Authority) owned property it has no statutory powers to change or alter<br />
conditions or standards on existing private or commercial property. This role lies in the<br />
hands of Brecon Beacons residents, farmers, commerce and local authority managers to<br />
work in partnership and adopt the good practice principles outlined herein. However, The<br />
Authority has the power to deny permission to future developments within the National Park<br />
which includes external lighting which does not conform with its <strong>Lighting</strong> Guidelines and will<br />
encourage developers to mitigate light pollution by using appropriate and suitable design.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 8 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
1.4 Night <strong>Sky</strong> Quality Survey<br />
The quality of the night sky in the Brecon Beacons National Park was evaluated by<br />
astronomers from the University of Glamorgan and <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Wales. This quality survey<br />
gives an assessment of night sky quality within the Park and establishes a benchmark that<br />
future surveys can be measured against.<br />
1.4.1 Methodology<br />
To ascertain the darkness of the entire park, 36 sites were located covering a N-S and E-W<br />
axis crossing the park in a “double W” pattern. Urban locations within the park in addition to<br />
its uninhabited areas were included to give a balanced reading of the sky quality across the<br />
whole national park and to identify areas of concern for the Park Authority. Measurements<br />
of the sky darkness were made at least 2 hours after local sunset on dates spread over a<br />
period of 14 months. They were taken with three separate Unihedron <strong>Sky</strong> Quality Meters<br />
(model SQM-L), which records the visual magnitudes per square arc-second over an area of<br />
approximately 42 degrees of sky.<br />
In all over 200 readings were taken in assessing the quality of the Park’s night sky.<br />
Calibration of the SQM was achieved by pointing the meters at a dark background in a dark<br />
room. The lowest reading on the SQM is given in the instructions as 24.00, but readings of<br />
24.02, 24.07, 24.01 and 23.98 were obtained over three nights, which give a mean of 24.02<br />
with a probable error of +/- 05 per reading – which was negligible, falling well within the<br />
ranges of two readings per SQM.<br />
All measurements were obtained by pointing the SQM at the zenith, then taking two<br />
recordings before determining a mean reading. Once this was obtained a naked eye limiting<br />
magnitude (NELM) can be determined using a conversion tool provided by the Omaha<br />
Astronomical Society. The conversion is accurate to a hundredth of a magnitude.<br />
Stellar magnitudes are measured using a logarithmic scale in which each magnitude differs<br />
from the next (brighter or fainter) by 2.512, or 2.5 times as bright/faint. The standard star in<br />
astronomical use for calibration is Vega (alpha Lyrae) with a magnitude of 0.0.<br />
In astronomical measurement of magnitude, a brighter object has a lower number whilst<br />
fainter objects have higher numbers. On this scale the faintest magnitudes measured in the<br />
survey were 366.5 times fainter than Vega.<br />
The sky quality, depending on magnitude, were then reduced to the Bortle scale a<br />
recognised dark sky determination tool used by astronomers. Visual estimates of stars and<br />
other deep sky objects for levels of transparency and sky clarity were also made.<br />
1.4.2 Findings<br />
The faintest magnitudes recorded within the park boundary were at the car park of the Usk<br />
reservoir, an accessible beauty spot, with a recording of 21.56 on the meter resulting in a<br />
NELM of 6.41. It was generally found that western areas in the park were the darkest (see<br />
Figure 1.6) as there was little light encroachment from the towns and villages or that of the<br />
South Wales urban area to the south.<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> areas of note within the eastern boundary of the park were found at Cwmyoy, Capel y<br />
Ffin, Cwmdu, Pengenffordd and Llangorse Lake. This area is not currently designated as<br />
Core locations, but this may be addressed in future evolution of the Park and its anti Light<br />
Pollution strategy and SQM mean values are displayed in Figure 1.7.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 9 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
The mean SQM value and associated NELM results across the BBNP were -<br />
Proposed Core Zone: 21.22 / 6.23 For details of zones see Section 2<br />
Critical Buffer Zones: 21.21 / 6.22<br />
Urban Areas: 19.77 / 5.32<br />
Other <strong>Dark</strong> Areas of the BBNP: 21.29 / 6.27<br />
BBNP excluding Urban Areas: 21.29 / 6.24<br />
BBNP: 21.03 / 6.13<br />
(See Table 1.1 for the consolidated set of measurements)<br />
The darkest SQM reading in the National Park = 21.56.<br />
The following readings are only included as a general comparison with other dark areas in<br />
the UK and should not be used as an absolute measurement value since the SQM meters<br />
used may not have been calibrated at the same time, the measurement methodology may<br />
have been different and the weather conditions will certainly have been different.<br />
<strong>Dark</strong>est reading in Galloway Forest = 22.7<br />
<strong>Dark</strong>est reading on the Isle of Sark = 21.5<br />
<strong>Dark</strong>est reading in Exmoor = 21.8<br />
The Brecon Beacons National Park (BBNP) would appear to have dark sky standards<br />
comparable to other areas in the UK recognised by the IDA.<br />
The globular clusters Messier 13 (Mag 5.8), Messier 3 (Mag 6.2) and Messier 5 (Mag 6.6)<br />
were clearly visible with the unaided eye, the galaxy Messier 81 (Mag 6.9) was also visible<br />
with a little averted vision and 34 stars were counted in Coma Berenices (Melotte 111).<br />
The brightest, most polluted skies were found unsurprisingly in the urban areas with the town<br />
of Brecon reading at an average NELM of 4.56. Comparing the best magnitude estimate of<br />
the park with that of Brecon results in a difference of 2 magnitudes, a difference between<br />
seeing stars 6.25 times fainter in the darker areas of the park than in the main town only a<br />
few miles away. The night view of Brecon shown in Figure 1.4 was taken prior to the 21.30<br />
hours sports field lighting curfew and shows one example of poor light pollution control.<br />
Figure 1.4 Brecon by Night<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 10 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
1.4.3 Conclusions<br />
The Brecon Beacons National Park is very dark with stars down to magnitude 6.41 visible, a<br />
best SQM measurement of 21.56, and a Bortle scale rating of between 3 and 4. This is<br />
especially remarkable as the Park itself has a population of 32,652 (c.2001) within its<br />
boundaries and there over 1,000,000 people living in the Welsh valleys only a few miles to<br />
the south of the Park.<br />
With so many people with poor night sky quality in such close proximity, the BBNP has<br />
considerable potential for dark sky tourism.<br />
The dark skies of the Park are of great value and well merit the protection by the BBNP<br />
Authority.<br />
Notes:<br />
The full report (which was also submitted to the British Astronomical <strong>Association</strong>) by Martin<br />
Griffiths (Senior Lecturer in Astronomy, University of Glamorgan) is available on request and<br />
is enclosed in the IDA submission package.<br />
See Appendix B for a Nomogram comparing the various measures of sky darkness.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 11 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Table 1.1 <strong>Sky</strong> Quality Measurement locations and SQM values<br />
Site No Grid Ref GPS Location<br />
First<br />
SQMV<br />
Second<br />
SQMV<br />
Mean<br />
Naked Eye<br />
Limiting<br />
Magnitude<br />
1 SO055128 N51.48.27 W03.22.24 Pontsticyll reservoir 20.34 20.71 20.52 5.83<br />
2 SO035174 N51.50.48 W03.24.03 Neuadd Reservoir 20.92 20.89 20.9 6.06<br />
3 SO055175 N51.50.52 W03.22.25 Craig y Fan Ddu 20.84 20.77 20.8 6.08<br />
4 SO107205 N51.52.33 W03.18.15 Talybont Reservoir 20.95 21.02 20.98 6.14<br />
5 SO086258 N51.56.10 W03.20.08 Llanfrynach 21.03 20.98 21 6.12<br />
6 SO128227 N51.53.45 W03.15.59 Bwlch 21.1 21.05 21.08 6.16<br />
7 SO157171 N51.50.45 W03.13.27 Llangynidr Hill 20.89 20.94 20.91 6.06<br />
8 SO128272 N51.56.07 W03.16.13 Llangorse Lake 21.26 21.25 21.25 6.25<br />
9 SO154338 N51.59.31 W03.23.27 Talgarth 20.34 20.27 20.3 5.69<br />
10 SO255314 N51.58.43 W03.05.16 Capel Y Ffin 21.46 21.5 21.48 6.37<br />
11 SO294232 N51.54.11 W03.01.45 CwmYoy 21.4 21.47 21.44 6.35<br />
12 SO219187 N51,51.31 W03.08.08 Crickhowell 19.86 19.97 19.91 5.43<br />
13 SO181242 N51.55.10 W03.11.14 CwmDu 21.22 21.26 21.24 6.25<br />
14 SO172301 N51.58.57 W03.13.54 Pengenffordd 21.33 21.32 21.33 6.35<br />
15 SO039285 N51.56.47 W03.23.54 Brecon 18.78 18.69 18.73 4.56<br />
16 SN974286 N51.56.45 W03.29.36 The Old Lodge 21.43 21.39 21.41 6.34<br />
17 SN917285 N51.56.39 W03.34.33 Sennybridge 20.03 20.05 20.04 5.52<br />
18 SN896295 N51.56.47 W03.37.47 Trecastle 21.46 21.42 21.44 6.35<br />
19 SN854266 N51.56.04 W03.39.51 Cwm Hydfer 21.48 21.51 21.49 6.38<br />
20 SN840247 N51.54.34 W03.39.29 Ffynnon y Gwyddau 21.51 21.52 21.51 6.39<br />
21 SN835285 N51.56.38 W03.41.55 Usk Reservoir 21.57 21.55 21.56 6.41<br />
22 SN820271 N51.55.03 W03.43.02 Pont y Wysg 21.47 21.43 21.45 6.36<br />
23 SN755245 N51.54.15 W03.48.42 Twynllanan 21.39 21.43 21.41 6.34<br />
24 SN730192 N51.51.13 W03.50.31 Pen Rhiw Ddu 21.35 21.33 21.34 6.31<br />
25 SN720151 N51.48.30 W03.54.14 Brynamman Info 20.14 20.06 20.1 5.56<br />
26 SN668193 N51.51.12 W03.56.02 Carreg Cennan 21.25 21.29 21.27 6.26<br />
27 SN840161 N51.50.16 W03.40.29 Dan yr Ogof Caves 21.31 21.32 21.32 6.29<br />
28 SN886210 N51.54.52 W03.35.12 Crai Reservoir 21.47 21.5 21.48 6.37<br />
29 SN924191 N51.51.19 W03.45.36 Maen Llia 21.39 21.43 21.41 6.34<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 12 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Table 1.1 continued<br />
Site No Grid Ref GPS Location<br />
Lowest<br />
SQMV<br />
Highest<br />
SQMV<br />
Mean<br />
Naked Eye<br />
Limiting<br />
Magnitude<br />
30 SN878264 N51.56.02 W03.28.40 Mountain Centre 21.49 21.56 21.52 6.39<br />
31 SN982204 N51.52.19 W03.28.46 Storey Arms 21.48 21.54 21.51 6.39<br />
32 SN989185 N51.51.38 W03.28.16 Beacons reservoir 21.49 21.58 21.53 6.4<br />
33 SO005131 N51.48.30 W 03.26.43 Garw Nant 21.18 21.23 21.21 6.23<br />
34 SO011119 N51.47.47 W03.26.14 Llwyn On reservoir 20.98 20.99 20.99 6.11<br />
35 SN946085 N51.38.42 W03.30.40 Penderyn 20.58 20.62 20.6 5.88<br />
36 SN929124 N51.46.36 W03.55.49 Ystradfellte 20.87 20.93 20.9 6.06<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 13 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
© Crown copyright and database rights<br />
2011 Ordnance Survey 100024878<br />
21 = 21.56<br />
28 = 21.48<br />
30 = 21.52<br />
31 = 21.51<br />
19 = 21.49<br />
29 = 21.41<br />
22 = 21.45<br />
32 = 21.53<br />
20 = 21.51<br />
23 = 21.41<br />
5 = 21<br />
26 = 21.29<br />
24 = 21.35<br />
29 = 21.41<br />
4 = 20.98<br />
27 = 21.32<br />
2 = 20.9<br />
3 = 20.8<br />
Measurement Site Number = SQM Mean Value<br />
(See Table 1.1 for full set of site numbers and SQM readings)<br />
1 = 20.52<br />
Figure 1.6 <strong>Sky</strong> Quality Measurement sites near the proposed core area<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 14 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
© Crown copyright and database rights<br />
2011 Ordnance Survey 100024878<br />
14 = 21.33<br />
13 = 21.24<br />
8 = 21.25<br />
9 = 20.3<br />
10 = 21.48<br />
6 = 21.54<br />
7 = 20.91<br />
11 = 21.44<br />
12 = 19.91<br />
Measurement Site Number = SQM Mean<br />
(See Table 1.1 for full set of site numbers and SQM readings)<br />
Figure 1.7 <strong>Sky</strong> Quality Measurement sites in the Eastern areas of BBNP<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 15 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
1.5 Technical <strong>Lighting</strong> Data<br />
It is not possible to produce a document on light control without introducing some light<br />
technical parameters and when used they will be defined as required with an appendix<br />
summary of technical definitions.<br />
Basic <strong>Lighting</strong> Terms<br />
Detailed explanations of basic lighting terms can be found in Appendix A but in this<br />
document the three lighting terms most commonly used for expressing values of light are:<br />
lumen<br />
candela<br />
illuminance<br />
Describes the total amount of light given off by a bare lamp.<br />
(abbreviation: lm (sometimes klm for 1000lm))<br />
Describes the intensity (I) of light in a particular direction.<br />
(abbreviation: cd)<br />
Describes the amount of light falling on a surface area<br />
in lumens / square metre. (abbreviation: lux)<br />
This LMP has been devised, principally, to control different forms of stray light. First, and<br />
foremost, is upward light which can obscure night-time astronomical observations when it<br />
reflects off air- borne particles of water or dust. The effect is commonly known as sky glow.<br />
However, direct light sources close to any field of observation are also problematic and are<br />
discussed later.<br />
In addition to sky glow, astronomers do not like to see<br />
a visible source of light either and luminaires with a<br />
light source larger than 1000 lumens should be what<br />
the IDA call “fully shielded” from view, ie a completely<br />
flat glass window mounted horizontally, as shown in<br />
Figure 1.9 (right).<br />
Non-technical terms like this will be explained and<br />
mixed with technical descriptions later.<br />
Figure 1.9 “Fully Shielded” luminaire<br />
The IDA term of “fully shielded” and other non-technical terms like high beam, semi cut-off,<br />
cut-off, fully cut-off and aero-screened were formerly used in the UK to categorise a<br />
luminaire’s light distribution. These luminaire category terms disappeared from the lighting<br />
industry usage in Europe and the UK some 30-40 years ago but sometimes still appear in<br />
UK planning publications. These old, non technical, terms have therefore been reinstated, in<br />
this LMP, but with more accurate technical descriptions with recommended limitations on<br />
intensity values in Section 2.<br />
The IDA term “Fully Shielded” is synonymous with the old UK term “Horizontal Fully Cutoff”<br />
and is the preferred term used in this LMP.<br />
Upward light and source intensity limitation are only two of four aspects of stray light control<br />
explained in two complementary technical publications on the limitation of obtrusive light<br />
namely:-<br />
<br />
The Institution of <strong>Lighting</strong> Professionals (ILP) (formerly ILE) ‘Guidelines for the<br />
Control of Obtrusive Light’ (Undergoing continued revision)<br />
and<br />
The Commission <strong>International</strong>e de l’Eclairage (CIE) Technical Report 150:2003<br />
‘Guide on the limitation of the effects of obtrusive light from outdoor lighting<br />
installations’.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 16 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Both documents support the concept of setting out environmental zones based on the night<br />
time ambient light in the area. They then go on to recommend differing degrees of stray light<br />
control for each of 4 environmental zones. In previous years the most onerous limitations<br />
were in the zone of darkest ambience namely Environmental Zone E1 but the newest edition<br />
of the ILP guidelines (2011) includes an even more severe restriction in a new zone<br />
numbered “E0” where no new artificial lighting will be permitted.<br />
Brecon Beacons National Park has a total population of about 32,654 (2001), however, just<br />
under 50% of this figure is concentrated in the Usk valley which runs between Brecon and<br />
Abergavenny. The remainder of the park is predominantly rural with about 1,200 farms but<br />
there are no very large areas free of human habitation. However, a cohesive area of about<br />
166 square miles may be large enough to warrant the application of this strict E0 regime<br />
even although it includes a few existing residences. The remainder of the National Park<br />
does, however, fall into Environmental Zone E1 as outlined below in Table 1.2. Strict light<br />
control status in all UK National Parks has been recognised since the ILP first introduced the<br />
night time ambience zone classification in 1993 and a full description of light limiting factors<br />
for this and other adjacent environments will follow in Section 2.<br />
Table 1.2 Environmental Zones in the UK<br />
Zone Surrounding Night Environment Typical examples<br />
Number<br />
E0 Protected <strong>Dark</strong> Starlight Reserves, <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Parks<br />
or Islands, Typical of Core Zones<br />
E1 Natural Intrinsically dark<br />
National Parks, Areas of<br />
Outstanding Natural Beauty or<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Core Buffer Zones<br />
E2 Rural Low district brightness Village or relatively dark outer<br />
suburban locations<br />
E3 Suburban Medium district brightness Suburban residential / commercial<br />
or small town centre locations<br />
E4 Urban High district brightness<br />
Large town, commercial area or city<br />
centre with high levels of night time<br />
activity<br />
In addition to direct upward light limitations Dr Christopher Baddiley has shown in ‘Towards<br />
Understanding <strong>Sky</strong>glow’ (ILE:2007) that obtrusive glare from street lighting units, at or near<br />
the luminaire horizontal axis, can also diminish the astronomers’ observations. Accordingly<br />
the source horizontal intensity is also used in this LMP as a further means of providing both<br />
public nuisance reduction and better astronomical observations.<br />
Reference is therefore made to limiting intensity values emanating from lighting units. The<br />
traditional simplistic means of displaying intensity distribution information is by means of a<br />
polar diagram with angular intensity values.<br />
The polar diagram in Figure 1.10 (following) is a traditional way of illustrating a line of<br />
maximum intensity through the major and minor axis of a street lighting luminaire. For clarity<br />
Figure 1.6 shows only the major axis distribution for a street lighting luminaire ie the intensity<br />
of light emitted out of each side of the luminaire together with three angles where intensity<br />
limitations will be later applied to control horizontal and upward light, and a further two<br />
downward angles which are used in BS 13201 to control disability glare on the public road<br />
network. However, recent research has shown that downward intensity values at an angle<br />
of 70 degrees has an effect on the amount of light reflected upwards, off hard surfaces.<br />
Therefore the lower the values at 70 o and 80 o , the lower the reflected upward light.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 17 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Regardless of luminaire light distribution characteristics recent research has also, more<br />
importantly, shown that off highway light absorbing landscape such as natural grass can<br />
reduce, by half, the upward reflected light of the installation and the use of asphalt surface<br />
lowers by half the upward light reflected off concrete.<br />
(Landscape note:- Many rural commercial / industrial estates and car parks could be<br />
constructed, where appropriate, with asphalt surfaces rather than bare concrete if<br />
illumination is required or intended in the future.)<br />
Throughout this LMP Upward light control limitations are stated for the luminaire in<br />
its designed or “as-installed” condition on site and is not a factory measured<br />
intensity.<br />
Figure 1.10 - Polar Diagram of<br />
typical street lighting luminaire<br />
Also shows the angles and<br />
maximum intensity values for a<br />
“fully shielded (cut-off)” luminaire<br />
Imax above 95 0 = 0 candela<br />
Imax above 90 0 = 0 candela<br />
Imax at 90 0 = 0 candela<br />
Imax at 80 0 = 100 cd/klm<br />
Imax at 70 0 = 350 cd/k/lm<br />
Tables extracted from BS publications<br />
will show all 5 angles with restrictions<br />
relative to glare control but in this<br />
LMP the important angles will be the<br />
intensity of zero at 90 0 and above.<br />
Industry standard design software like “<strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Reality” can be used to check luminaire “as<br />
installed” intensity values in a dynamic format<br />
as shown in Figure 1.11 at the design stage.<br />
Another technical way of describing the<br />
limitation of upward light from luminaires is<br />
called the Upward Light Output Ratio and the<br />
ILP are currently considering the values, in<br />
percentage terms, of the zonal flux in 2 upward<br />
zones, namely between 90 0 and 100 0 and<br />
between 100 0 and 180 0 .<br />
Figure 1.11 Dynamic output from <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Reality showing results at tilt angle<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 18 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Task Illuminance<br />
Over a period of time most working tasks, and sports activities, have been analysed and<br />
researched. Recommendations have been relative to the quantity and quality of light<br />
required to carry out the task in comfort and safety. It is important to:-<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Provide the correct lighting levels for the task or sport game and grade playing level.<br />
Provide the lighting only when needed.<br />
Recognise that providing light in excess of the recommendations not only increases<br />
an unnecessary addition to sky glow but it also wastes energy and increases the<br />
carbon footprint.<br />
Some recommended lighting levels relative to rural situations are included in this LMP for<br />
reference information and to assist in providing initial benchmarks for defining appropriate<br />
light levels.<br />
The Roadmap shown in later sections of this LMP has been compiled from information in<br />
BSEN13201-2:2003 - ‘Code of practice for the design of road lighting’ (parts 1 and 2) and<br />
the European CEN Standards. It has been designed to provide a simple selection process<br />
for light levels and quality criteria, including obtrusive light controls. The road lighting solution<br />
is derived from assessment of environmental zones, user types, user volume and crime<br />
volume via a flowchart.<br />
It is hoped to extend this, or develop a similar process, for lighting management within the<br />
National Park.<br />
For task lighting on other outdoor work places reference should be made to BSEN 12464-<br />
2:2007 – ‘Light and <strong>Lighting</strong> – <strong>Lighting</strong> of work places’ (Part 2: Outdoor work places) but a<br />
few of the typical National Park area tasks are contained in Section 3.2.<br />
Within the boundary of the National Park it is important to note here that if there is<br />
“NO TASK” in operation there should be “NO LIGHT” and that the recommended<br />
values given could be reduced if “white” light sources are used (see technical reason<br />
later).<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 19 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> – Section 2<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 20 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
2 <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve Boundaries and Light Limitation <strong>Plan</strong><br />
The <strong>International</strong> <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> <strong>Association</strong> (IDA) promotes the concept of creating three zones<br />
to the dark sky area namely a Core Zone with no, or very few, external light sources, a<br />
Buffer Zone with strict stray light control to protect the Core and lastly an External Zone with<br />
slightly relaxed stray light control.<br />
This section covers the boundary methodology for each of these zones in and around the<br />
National Park area. It also covers the associated stray light restriction recommendations for<br />
each zone together with planning recommendations to mitigate problems with future<br />
applications containing external lighting.<br />
2.1 <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve - Core Zone<br />
As described in Section 1.2 the central area of the park is dominated by four blocks of high<br />
ground, each separated to some extent by valleys containing farms and other inhabited<br />
areas. The widest valley, about 5 miles wide, contains the River Usk and a busy corridor of<br />
towns and villages between Brecon, in the north, and Abergavenny in the south east. This<br />
valley annexes the Black Mountains escarpment from the other three sections and therefore<br />
is excluded for consideration as part of the Core Zone. On its own it does have an area of<br />
zero inhabitation, however, this is much less than the combined area of high ground chain<br />
created by The Brecon Beacons, The Fforest Fawr and The Black Mountain.<br />
Figure 2.1 – Typical Core Zone slopes looking north towards Forrest Fawr<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 21 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
The “Open Access” <strong>Plan</strong> created by the CRoW Act was outlined previously in Section 1.2<br />
and its general boundary, with small deviations, which encompasses the three chain highground,<br />
has been chosen to define the Core Zone limits. The Beacons Way footpath joins<br />
many of the summits listed in the table below.<br />
Table 2.1 Hilltops in the Core Zone<br />
The Black Mountain Fforest Fawr The Brecon Beacons<br />
Tair Carn Isaf (460m) Fan Gyhirych (725m) Corn Du (873m)<br />
Tair Carn Uchaf (482m) Fan Fraith (668m) Pen y Fan (886m)<br />
Foel Fawr (493m) Fan Nedd (663m) Fan y Big (719m)<br />
Foel Fraith (602m) Fan Llia (632m) Craig Pwllfa (762m)<br />
Twyn Swnd (635m) Fan Fawr (734m) Allt Lwyd (654m)<br />
Fan Brycheiniog (802m) Fan Fnyrych (629m) Allt Forgan (513m)<br />
The extremes of the Core Zone boundary extend from east to west by about 28 miles.<br />
However, the boundary lines to the north and south are shaped by the many valleys and<br />
rivers flowing north or south from the mountain ridges. At its narrowest, where a north valley<br />
and a south valley coincide, the core is just over 1 mile wide but generally a distance of<br />
about 12 miles can exist between the north and south extremes. In area measurement terms<br />
the Core Zone contains 166 square miles (442.2 sq. km.) of land. The Core is therefore at<br />
least 32% of the total park area.<br />
The Core Zone boundary, as shown in Figure 2.2 has been devised to minimise human<br />
habitation and maximise on open land access by encompassing the following natural<br />
attributes of Brecon Beacons:-<br />
Many hill top burial cairns, stone circles, burnt mounds and field systems<br />
Two National Nature Reserves (Ofog Fftnnon-Ddu & Craig Cerrig Gleisiad)<br />
Two glacial lakes (Llyn y Fan Fach & Llyn y Fan Fawr)<br />
Three man-made Reservoirs<br />
Roman Camp and Hut Circles<br />
Land ownership within the Core Zone is split as follows:-<br />
National Trust 8.36 %<br />
National Park Authority 39.14 %<br />
Forestry Commission 6.66 % with remaining 18.19 % in private ownership.<br />
In order to maximise on "Open Access" a number of habitations have been included within<br />
the Core Zone although they have been clinically excluded by the CRoW Act boundary. This<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> intends to mitigate stray light from existing or new properties by<br />
adopting the ILP recommendations for night time Environmental Zone E0 and shown in<br />
Table 2.2.<br />
Table 2.2 Stray light control recommendations in Core Zone<br />
Light Limitations for Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> Installations within Core Zone<br />
Night Time<br />
Environmental<br />
Zone<br />
Light Intrusion<br />
(into windows)<br />
E vertical (lux)<br />
Source Intensity<br />
I (cd)<br />
<strong>Sky</strong> Glow<br />
Upward<br />
Light<br />
Ratio<br />
%<br />
Precurfew<br />
Postcurfew<br />
Precurfew<br />
Postcurfew<br />
Maximum<br />
Luminance<br />
L (cd/m 2 )<br />
Pre-curfew<br />
E0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 22 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 1<br />
Within the Core Zone boundary it is propose to maintain a policy of no<br />
additional permanent illumination installations.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 23 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Craig Cerrig Gleisiad<br />
Nature Reserve<br />
Storey Arms<br />
Outdoor Centre<br />
Ffoynnon-y-gwyddau<br />
+<br />
Belfont and others<br />
Glyn Tarell<br />
Berth-lwyd<br />
fach & ganol<br />
Pant-y-rhiw<br />
Abercynafon<br />
Ofog Fftnnon-Ddu<br />
Nature Reserve<br />
Figure 2.2 Outline of Core Zone Boundary<br />
and property locations within Core<br />
Cefn Cule<br />
Hepste-fechan<br />
© Crown copyright and database rights 2011<br />
Ordnance Survey 100019322 2011<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 24 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Figure 2.3 Storey Arms Outdoor Centre Figure 2.4 Hillside environment<br />
The Storey Arms Centre is the largest property<br />
in the Core Zone. It was converted about<br />
1976 to provide residential accommodation<br />
for Cardiff school groups. It is located in the<br />
centre of the Core Zone immediately adjacent<br />
to the A470 and its hillside environment<br />
provides isolation suitable for possible<br />
astronomy workshops.<br />
There is natural tree shielding round one<br />
side of the property, however, the front<br />
aspect adjacent to the A470 can be seen<br />
from the opposite valley hillside.<br />
The safety and security of residential<br />
school children require to be uppermost for<br />
the centre management team and the<br />
existing external floodlighting was installed<br />
accordingly but several years prior to this<br />
LMP.<br />
The remaining properties in the Core Zone are private with 16 houses, one with a horse<br />
training ménage and one farm. A detailed external lighting inventory for each property is<br />
included in Section 5.2, however, the summary in Table 2.3 shows that although there are<br />
67% compliant with the general IDA guidelines, only 2.5% comply with the recommendations<br />
outlined in <strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 2 (see next page). This is a more stringent condition<br />
than the IDA’s but has been adopted by the National Park as an aspirational target.<br />
Table 2.3 Core Zone <strong>Lighting</strong> Summary<br />
Property<br />
Number of<br />
lights<br />
Number IDA<br />
Compliant<br />
Number <strong>Plan</strong> 2<br />
Compliant<br />
2.19 12 10 2<br />
2.34 20 11 1<br />
5.38 5 1 0<br />
5.39 15 6 0<br />
5.40 11 11 0<br />
10.12 0 0 0<br />
12.53 3 3 0<br />
15.04 4 4 0<br />
15.05 6 2 0<br />
15.06 1 1 0<br />
15.07 5 2 0<br />
15.08 7 2 0<br />
15.09 3 2 0<br />
15.10 12 12 0<br />
15.11 0 0 0<br />
15.12 4 4 0<br />
15.13 2 2 0<br />
15.14 2 2 0<br />
Total in Core Zone 112 75 3<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 25 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 2<br />
Residents in the Core Zone are to be encouraged to limit the overspill light at<br />
their property boundary, or within 10 meters of the main residence, to no more<br />
than 0.05 lux and all existing lighting units to be replaced, through time, by<br />
“fully cut-off” examples regardless of the lumen output.<br />
Note: This is a more stringent condition than the IDA requirement but has been<br />
adopted by the Brecon Beacons National Park as an aspirational target.<br />
Deltalight LED Deltalight Zumtobel -<br />
Kont Smide - Torino Kont Smide - Torino Kont Smide - Modena<br />
Raytec<br />
B&Q (above)<br />
Norlys - Koster (right)<br />
Sitco + Others - Mini Flood<br />
All floodlights like this are<br />
designed to be mounted<br />
horizontally (not as shown in<br />
manufacturer's illustration )<br />
Additional shielding as<br />
illustrated right can limit light<br />
at task area boundary<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 26 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Figure 2.5 Typical external domestic fittings which can provide the objectives of <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Statement Number 2 when mounted correctly<br />
2.2 “Fully Shielded” Concept Visualisation<br />
The upward light limitations of a “fully shielded” / horizontal fully cut-off luminaire is outlined<br />
in technical detail in section 1.5, however, to display the effects, in a non technical format, an<br />
electronic model village was constructed and illuminated firstly with traditional low pressure<br />
sodium street lights which are not fully cut-off and Figure 2.6 shows house details up to and<br />
beyond chimney pots level.<br />
Figure 2.6 Traditional Low Pressure Sodium distribution -<br />
The luminaire positions were then replaced by luminaires with flat glass and mounted<br />
horizontally with an equivalent wattage consumption using LED light sources.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 27 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Figure 2.7 Luminaires with Fully Cut-Off distribution showing distinct lack of upward<br />
spill light detail.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 28 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
2.3 <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve – Buffer Zone<br />
It is a general recommendation that all Core Zones require an area of protection surrounding<br />
the very strict limit of no, or very little, artificial light with one of less severe limitations. As<br />
outlined in Section 1.5 the status of light control within any National Park has been<br />
recognised since the first publication of the ILP “Obtrusive Light Guidelines” in 1993 as being<br />
that of a night time environmental zone E1. As such this provides, for the remainder of the<br />
park a general Buffer Zone limit of many miles distant round the core zone. This LMP<br />
encourages continuance of this classification but proposes a two step approach within the<br />
park boundary. The IDA recommends that an external lighting audit is carried out on all<br />
lighting within the Buffer Zone but the quantity of lighting, within the BBNP boundary, would<br />
take too long to collect. It is therefore proposed that a Critical Buffer Zone is established<br />
with a generalised edge (not a boundary limit) of about 1½ miles (about 2Km) as a<br />
representative fraction of lighting typical of Brecon Beacons area in general.<br />
2.3.1 Critical Buffer Zone<br />
As can be seen from the previous map in Figure 2.2 the Core Zone has a very irregular<br />
circumference. The main irregularities arise from the presence of many valleys etched out of<br />
the hillside. Most of these valleys are about 1 mile wide and many contain farm and private<br />
dwellings, therefore, they have not been enclosed by the “Open Access” CRoW Act<br />
boundary. This LMP proposes that the main valleys, some 15 in number, are recognised as<br />
the Critical Buffer Zones between the Core Zone and the remainder of the park area (the<br />
Buffer Zone for the rest of the surrounding country external to the BBNP boundary). A map<br />
of the Core Zone boundary is repeated in Figure 2.9 with each Critical Buffer Zone valley<br />
identified by a survey number eg.<br />
#1<br />
The twin valleys in survey area #3 is shown in<br />
Figure 2.8.<br />
Figure 2.8 Typical valley cut out of the high-ground<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 29 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Figure 2.9 Map showing Critical Buffer Zones round Core Zone<br />
BBNP Visitor Centre<br />
Libanus<br />
#14<br />
#15<br />
#16<br />
#1<br />
#2<br />
#3<br />
#4<br />
#5<br />
#12<br />
#11<br />
#6/7<br />
#10<br />
#8<br />
BBNP Visitor Centre<br />
Craig y nos<br />
#9<br />
For geographic details in each survey section<br />
see 1:25000 scale boundary drawing #.....<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 30 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299<br />
© Crown copyright and database rights 2011<br />
Ordnance Survey 100019322 2011
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
The open end of valley #2 has been extended to<br />
include properties up to the BBNP Visitor Centre<br />
near Libanus where astronomy workshops will be<br />
undertaken.<br />
The open outlook to the south provides extensive<br />
views of the Core Zone and the height of the<br />
range provides natural shielding of the<br />
urbanisation further south.<br />
Figure 2.10 BBNP Mountain Visitor Centre, Libanus<br />
In each of the valleys which creates the Critical Buffer Zone, identified in Figure 2.9, there<br />
are a few small hamlets and a few street lights, however, in general habitation consists of<br />
private residences or farm buildings. Within the Critical Buffer Zone approximately 300<br />
properties were identified and a property by property external lighting audit was carried out.<br />
A full set of the lighting audit survey results is given in section 5, however, in summary form,<br />
of the 964 lighting units found in these zones there are currently about 70% dark sky<br />
compliant based on the limit of 1000 lamp lumens or less being deemed compliant. Many of<br />
the non-compliant relate to the installation of security style floodlights although in general<br />
terms several have natural tree leaf shielding and are seldom used in the summer months.<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 3<br />
The Authority will encourage that no lighting will be allowed to be projected<br />
from the adjacent light permitted buffer zones into the Core Zone and any<br />
overspill lighting from lights in the Critical Buffer Zone to be no greater than<br />
0.05 lux (horizontal) at ground level or 0.05 lux vertical at 1 metre (or higher)<br />
above ground on the Core Zone side of the property boundary.<br />
Although there are many variations on a theme to be found in the Critical Buffer Zone there<br />
are principally 3 different luminaire styles: Heritage (Figure 2.11.1), Bulkheads (Figure<br />
2.11.2), and Floodlights (Figure 2.11.3).<br />
Figure 2.11.1 Figure 2.11.2 Figure 2.11.3<br />
A few other styles were also found but the important element is not the style of the luminaire<br />
but its associated lamp output and more importantly the distribution of light being emitted.<br />
Most of the tungsten halogen floodlights use lamps which have an output greater than 1000<br />
lumens. At least 224 were found with an elevated angle as illustrated in Figure 2.11.3. To<br />
be fully compliant with the IDA recommendations, the glass window should be totally<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 31 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
horizontal as shown previously in Section 1.5 (Figure 1.5). (See Appendix F for a future<br />
improvement process)<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 4<br />
Luminaires in the Critical Buffer Zones using lamps greater than 1000 lumens<br />
will be recommended to be installed as a Fully Cut-Off (IDA term “fully<br />
shielded”).<br />
Bulkhead style luminaires should be fitted with lamps less than 1000 lumens even although<br />
they may have an upper hood purportedly limiting upward light. A luminaire such as shown<br />
in Figure 2.11.2 with an 18watt compact fluorescent lamp (“energy saving light bulb”) can<br />
provide a vertical illuminance value of 0.1 lux at least 22 metres from the source and also<br />
provide visual perception of light on tree tops some 150 meters distant. Although it may not<br />
be possible to measure the quantity of illumination at this distance it is the visual perception<br />
of the light reflecting effects, which causes concern for both astronomers and neighbours<br />
alike.<br />
The IDA recommend that the spill light at a property boundary is not greater than 0.1 lux,<br />
which is about 1/3 of the light from a full moon. Illuminance can be measured with a light<br />
meter but a rule of thumb guide which links the lamp lumen usage to property footprint size<br />
is included in section 3.1.<br />
As well as providing careful control of spill light it is equally important to avoid over-lighting<br />
an area as that found illuminating a small building frontage with seven floodlights in a side<br />
street in Brecon. Where possible this LMP provides task illuminance recommendations and<br />
some alternative solutions to address in the future.<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 5<br />
Residents of Brecon Beacons National Park are to be encouraged to limit the<br />
overspill light at their property boundary to no more than 0.1 lux.<br />
(Residents within the Core Zone have stricter recommendations see Statement 2)<br />
With the exception of the large pole mounted heritage style luminaires as shown in Figure<br />
2.12 most domestic heritage style luminaires are designed and labelled with a maximum<br />
tungsten filament lamp wattage of 60 watts (11watts Compact fluorescent), both producing<br />
less than 1000 lumens, and although<br />
they have very little light control can<br />
generally be classified as IDA<br />
compliant for the moment. The lower<br />
the wattage the better the compliance.<br />
In some residences the heritage style<br />
luminaire was found to be located in a<br />
door porch area. This approach<br />
provides a good method of limiting<br />
stray upward light. Additionally some<br />
residents have installed 8 watt, or less,<br />
compact fluorescent lamps, which are<br />
often all that is necessary to provide<br />
some light round a doorway in the<br />
intrinsic darkness of Brecon Beacons.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 32 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Figure 2.12 Good example of Heritage Luminaire<br />
with rear light limiter, lamp recessed in canopy hood and<br />
light distribution using pot-optic.<br />
A lamp wattage and lumen output chart for domestic style lamps is given in Appendix E and<br />
guidelines for an individual property self-assessment style audit with recommendations on<br />
what to do to better the existing conditions is given in Appendix F.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 33 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
2.3.2 Remainder of Buffer Zone (remainder of National Park)<br />
Many of the villages in Brecon Beacons have no street lighting system and some have two<br />
or three located at strategic locations in the village rather than providing a cohesive street<br />
lighting system. The location of the remaining towns and villages with a cohesive street<br />
lighting system totalling more than 10 units are shown in Figure 2.13, however, four of the<br />
five local authorities, who own and maintain the street lighting, have statements already<br />
contained in their own lighting policy plans to re-introduce part night lighting (ie on at dusk<br />
but switching off about midnight and back on again about 5am until dawn).<br />
As outlined in Section 2.3 no audit was undertaken for domestic lighting units in the<br />
remainder of the park Buffer Zone due to the quantities involved, however, as shown in<br />
Table 2.3 the surveyed quantity, within the Critical Buffer Zone, resulting compliance<br />
percentage is equivalent to other UK <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> applications. The survey contained data from<br />
domestic and commercial properties and when separately analysed the domestic<br />
compliance percentage increased to 72% with an additional 15% of non-compliant<br />
floodlights connected to presence detection devices. Although deemed non-compliant this<br />
15% group are not providing continuous illumination. Additionally the overall 70% may<br />
appear to be less than other previous applications the quantity surveyed is very much larger<br />
than previous applications.<br />
Table 2.4 Comparison of Percentage Compliant<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Application<br />
Quantity<br />
Surveyed<br />
Quantity<br />
Compliant<br />
Percentage<br />
Compliant<br />
Brecon Beacons Park Reserve 964 681 70%<br />
Exmoor National Park Reserve 693 539 77%<br />
Isle of Sark <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Island 582 436 75%<br />
Galloway Forest Park 374 263 70%<br />
In order to test the domestic average in a different section of the park another audit was<br />
carried out in Pennyclawdd, a village without street lighting, located in the eastern area of<br />
the park about 3 miles north of Abergavenny. The audit details of this village are included in<br />
Section 5.4 and this shows that 80% of the domestic external lighting is IDA compliant. It<br />
could therefore be reasonable to assume that 72% will be replicated or bettered in the<br />
remainder of the Buffer Zone.<br />
Accordingly the National Park should be maintained in this pristine condition. Where new or<br />
replacement external lighting is required the most onerous light control conditions should be<br />
applied to maintain this condition. To assist in this objective, Section 2.3.3 contains<br />
recommendations on luminous intensity recommendations for new luminaires, with a lamp<br />
output greater than 1000 lumens. For domestic style luminaires with no intensity data<br />
Section 3.1 contains a lumen recipe evaluation method.<br />
Although the domestic lighting audit was limited to the Critical Buffer Zone a Public <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Audit was also collected and is displayed, together with typical luminaire profiles in Section<br />
5.7 to 5.10. Of particular interest in this section are the number of street lighting units which<br />
have already been fitted with flat or low profile glass and the quantities are more than double<br />
an anticipated IDA perception for at least 10% to be flat glass. Figure 2.13 shows a map of<br />
the town or village locations which contain street lights.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 34 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Powys<br />
Penyclaudd<br />
Figure 2.13 Map showing Street <strong>Lighting</strong> systems (> 10 units) round Core Zone<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 35 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 6<br />
In Environmental Zone terms the residents round the Core Zone live with and<br />
enjoy intrinsic darkness equivalent to Environmental Zone E1. Towns within<br />
the Brecon Beacons boundary with a population greater than 900 may relax<br />
the conditions of this Environmental Zone in the town centre where buildings<br />
provide natural screening but not in exposed locations.<br />
(See Table 1.2 for Environmental Zone definitions).<br />
2.3.3 Light Limitation Parameters<br />
Luminous intensity from a luminaire is derived from photometric information, which has been<br />
measured under laboratory conditions. These measured values describe the luminaire’s<br />
light distribution in 3D numeric electronic format (commonly known as I-tables).<br />
From the I-table for a particular luminaire and its installed angle of elevation the intensity of<br />
light at different elevation angles can be computed and classified in glare classes, namely<br />
G1 to G6. G1 is the most relaxed and G6 is the most restrictive and this is the recommended<br />
restriction, with selective relaxation, which should be applied throughout the National Park as<br />
shown in table 2.5.<br />
Table 2.5 - Intensity limitation in Brecon Beacons (excluding Core Zone)<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Zone<br />
Requirements<br />
Between Core Zone and<br />
nearest population<br />
cluster > 900<br />
Residential buffer<br />
between town centre and<br />
rural remainder (or<br />
centre of town with <<br />
900)<br />
Town Centre with<br />
population > 900<br />
(excluding heritage style<br />
Glare<br />
Class<br />
Maximum luminous intensity<br />
in cd/klm<br />
at at at above<br />
70 0 80 0 90 0 az 95 0 az<br />
az az<br />
Non technical<br />
description of<br />
luminaire light control<br />
in installed condition<br />
G6* 350 100 0 0 Fully cut-off<br />
installation in<br />
environmental zone<br />
E1<br />
G5-<br />
derivative<br />
350 100 5 0 Cut-off installation<br />
G4 500 100 10 0 Part Cut-off<br />
installation<br />
streets)<br />
Heritage bowl style G4 500 100 10 0<br />
Heritage gas style G4+ 500 100 20 0<br />
External to NP for 5<br />
miles beyond Park<br />
boundary (lamps <<br />
20,000 lumens)<br />
All luminaires with lamps<br />
greater than 20,000<br />
lumens between Core<br />
Zone boundary and 5<br />
miles external to NP<br />
G3 . 100 20 2.5%<br />
Semi-Cut-off<br />
installation in<br />
environmental zone<br />
E2<br />
G6** 350 100 0 0 Fully cut-off<br />
installation<br />
regardless of night<br />
time environmental<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 36 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
boundary<br />
(see next page for notes on stared items)<br />
zone<br />
Note az Table 2.3 restrictions apply to the luminaire’s installed angle of inclination (azimuth)<br />
which can be tested in UK industry standard design calculation software.<br />
Note * Intensity relaxation may be appropriate at 70 0 and 80 0 depending on luminaire<br />
availability but the values of zero intensity at 90 0 , 95 0 and above are crucial.<br />
Note ** Requires discussions with adjacent land owners and local authorities to adopt<br />
similar controls in their individual environmental <strong>Plan</strong>.<br />
An example of some luminaires with light sources greater than 1000 lumens and complying<br />
with the upper intensity limits of table 2.5 are shown in Appendix C.<br />
In addition to the intensity controls presented in table 2.4 further light limitation<br />
recommendations are contained in table 2.6, below, to mitigate any obtrusive light in an E1<br />
Environmental Zone and the two tables should be considered in tandem at the design stage<br />
for all new exterior lighting in the National Park.<br />
The ILP and CIE describe ‘curfew’ as the time after which stricter requirements (for the<br />
control of obtrusive light) will apply. After ‘curfew’, most lighting should be extinguished or<br />
reduced as activity levels decline.<br />
Although very few residents leave external lighting on longer than presence detection there<br />
are a few situations where lights are left on all night, sometimes by accident. The time of<br />
22.00 hours is suggested as ‘exterior light curfew’ time for the National Park at which point<br />
users will be encouraged to extinguish or reduce the quantity of lighting unless there are<br />
previously agreed planning conditions which contain an earlier curfew time.<br />
Table 2.6 - Obtrusive Light Marker Points<br />
Light Limitations for Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> Installations within Brecon Beacons<br />
boundary<br />
Night Time<br />
Environmental<br />
Zone<br />
Light Intrusion<br />
(into windows)<br />
E vertical (lux)<br />
Source Intensity<br />
I (cd)<br />
<strong>Sky</strong> Glow<br />
Upward<br />
Light<br />
Ratio<br />
%<br />
Precurfew<br />
Postcurfew<br />
Precurfew<br />
Postcurfew<br />
Maximum<br />
Luminance<br />
L (cd/m 2 )<br />
Pre-curfew<br />
E1 0 2 0 2,500 0 0<br />
E 1.05 1% 2 0 3,000 0 1<br />
E 1.10 1% 2 0.5 4,000 100 2.5<br />
Illuminated<br />
advertising signs 0 0 0 100 0 50<br />
Refer to Section 3 for information on time switches and other switching regimes.<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 7<br />
All new lighting within the Brecon Beacons will be encouraged to be designed<br />
and installed to provide lower glare or intensity values, where possible, than<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 37 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
that recommended by the Institute of <strong>Lighting</strong> Professionals (LP) for night time<br />
Environmental Zones.<br />
In order to prevent medium district brightness from adjacent “non-national park” lighting<br />
creeping closer to the intrinsic darkness within Brecon Beacons, Table 2.3 and Section 2.5,<br />
later, contains recommendations to reduce the elevation angle of existing or proposed high<br />
wattage / high output luminaires in the External Zone (see Section 2.4). This requires<br />
discussions to encourage adjacent developers or <strong>Plan</strong>ning Committees to work towards<br />
adopting similar controls in their individual environmental policy plan.<br />
Figure 2.14 Diagram showing combination of intensity and environment<br />
recommendations (refer to Table 2.3 and 2.4 for full descriptions)<br />
National Park Boundary<br />
Lit Village = G6 & E1<br />
Reserve Core Zone<br />
= E0<br />
no new lighting<br />
Town with pop. < 900<br />
= G5 & E1.05<br />
Town remainder = G5 & E1.05<br />
Any luminaire > 20,000<br />
lumen lamp<br />
= G6 & E1<br />
Centre of town<br />
with pop. > 900<br />
lamps < 20,000 lumens<br />
= G4 & E1.10<br />
National Park Boundary<br />
Any luminaire ><br />
20,000 lumen lamp<br />
= G6 & E1<br />
Any Trunk Road<br />
= G6 and E1<br />
Any luminaire <<br />
20,000 lumen lamp<br />
= G3 and E2<br />
5 miles 5 miles<br />
5 miles<br />
Most domestic luminaires provide very little light control and very few are measured<br />
photometrically in the same manner as commercially available luminaires. Accurate<br />
intensity or illuminance values cannot therefore be predicted by computer calculations and a<br />
different method of calculation is required. Section 3.3 therefore contains a method<br />
recommended by the IDA which provides a guide to the number of lumens based on the<br />
footprint size of the property for all new domestic style lighting.<br />
Care for the night time environmental control should be part of the process when selecting<br />
all new domestic equipment. Examples of domestic luminaires with good and poor light<br />
control can be found in Table 3.6 and Appendix D.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 38 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 8<br />
All design submissions for new lighting in the Brecon Beacons should show<br />
evidence of compliance with the zero candela intensity at 90 0 and above and<br />
encourage domestic luminaires to be selected from units having some form of<br />
upward light control.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 39 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
2.4 External Zone – General (Typically 5 miles beyond Park Boundary)<br />
Since the Authority has no jurisdiction in the area beyond their park boundary this section<br />
explains how planners and engineers need to work in partnership, both within and external<br />
to the park, to help maintain or enhance the <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve. In this National Park the<br />
external distance of 5 miles is typical but not definitive for large wattage installations.<br />
As indicated in the Preamble the guidance given in this document will assist in the defence<br />
of the existing dark sky over the National Park. However, there is a national problem with<br />
obtrusive light. Part of the problem emanates from the random standards of some planning<br />
applications containing external lighting proposals.<br />
The lack of a published lighting design & assessment methodology has resulted in planning<br />
applications, being presented in a variety of formats, sometimes with a few extracts from<br />
manufacturers’ catalogues and scant calculation techniques. This has created major<br />
difficulties in appraising applications both subjectively and technically.<br />
A new ILP document focuses on the lighting aspects of creating a <strong>Lighting</strong> Impact<br />
Assessment. Whilst most of these are effects on people and their perception of the<br />
surroundings, assessments must also include effects on flora, fauna and wildlife. A<br />
summary of some of the sections covered are included below.<br />
Table 2.7 Typical <strong>Lighting</strong> Impact Assessment Checklist<br />
Baseline Descriptions<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Impact Assessment - Checklist<br />
Baseline Assessment Procedures<br />
Day time visit<br />
Night time visit<br />
Viewpoint Scheduling<br />
Baseline Assessment Layout<br />
Location <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Brief Description<br />
Viewpoint Pages<br />
Baseline Summary<br />
Proposed Development – <strong>Lighting</strong> Design<br />
Design – General<br />
Preliminary Assessment<br />
Provisional Design<br />
Final Design<br />
Maintenance Factors<br />
In addition to the ILP rational covering the process of carrying out <strong>Lighting</strong> Impact<br />
Assessments the Scottish Executive have published a complementary <strong>Plan</strong>ning Guidance<br />
Note (Controlling Light Pollution and Reducing Energy Consumption) which provides a<br />
rationale to all lighting design proposals.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 40 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
An abbreviated 12 point summary checklist of the design methodology is shown in Table 2.6<br />
below but reference to the full document will provide the reasoning behind a 20 bullet point<br />
checklist. This LMP should encourage Development Control Committees, both within the<br />
Authority and adjacent Local Authorities, to insist on a thorough design process by the<br />
developer before submitting proposals. (See Appendix G for full explanations) Although only<br />
12 points are included in Table 2.8 these should be treated as an absolute minimum<br />
requirement and there are no reasons why the full 20 point plan is not set as a standard<br />
requirement.<br />
Table 2.8<br />
Design Methodology Checklist<br />
Good External <strong>Lighting</strong> Design Practice<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Survey of surrounding area environment<br />
Identification of critical viewpoints or receptors<br />
Analysis of task lighting level recommendations and game level if<br />
sports lighting application<br />
Establish environmental light control limits<br />
New lighting design quality objectives<br />
Calculated measurement of Task working area(s)<br />
Overspill area(s)<br />
Obtrusive light calculation of Property intrusion<br />
Viewed source intensities<br />
Direct upward light output ratios<br />
Compare design achievement with baseline values<br />
Schedule of luminaire types, mounting height and aiming angles<br />
Schedule of energy usage and lumens per square metre<br />
Schedule of luminaire profiles<br />
Layout plan with beam orientation indication and site relationship<br />
with surrounding residential and commercial properties<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 9<br />
Through the <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> it will be possible for the Authority to<br />
provide a basis for discussion with its neighbours on various options to help<br />
reduce upward light transmission.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 41 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
2.5 External Zone – Immediate Surrounds<br />
No inventory was undertaken in the External Zone, however, as in section 2.3.3 if the<br />
following Tables 2.9 and 2.10 are used in tandem, at the design stage, they may mitigate<br />
obtrusive elements in new installations.<br />
Table 2.9 - Luminaire Intensity distribution recommendations in External Zone<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong><br />
Requirements<br />
External for 5 miles<br />
beyond Park<br />
boundary (lamps <<br />
20,000 lumens)<br />
All luminaires with<br />
lamps greater than<br />
20,000 lumens<br />
between Core Zone<br />
boundary and<br />
5 miles distant from<br />
National Park<br />
boundary<br />
Glare<br />
Class<br />
Maximum luminous intensity in<br />
cd/klm<br />
at at at above<br />
70 0 az 80 0 az 90 0 az 95 0 az<br />
Non technical<br />
description of luminaire<br />
light control in installed<br />
location<br />
G3 . 100 20 2.5% Semi-Cut-off installation<br />
in environmental zone<br />
E2<br />
G6 350 100 0 0 Fully cut-off installation<br />
The mileage limits shown in Table 2.9 assume that no other, more restrictive intensity<br />
limitation, external <strong>Plan</strong> is in place.<br />
Table 2.10 - Typical Obtrusive Light Maker Points for External Environmental Zone<br />
CIE / ILP Obtrusive Light Limitations for Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> Installations<br />
Light Intrusion Source Intensity<br />
Environmental<br />
Zone<br />
(into windows)<br />
E vertical (lux)<br />
I (cd)<br />
E1 – for lamp<br />
lumens ><br />
20,000<br />
E2 - For 5<br />
miles beyond<br />
park boundary<br />
limit with rural<br />
setting<br />
E3 / E4 for<br />
Merthyr /<br />
Rhonda<br />
<strong>Sky</strong><br />
Glow<br />
Upward<br />
Light<br />
Ratio<br />
%<br />
Precurfew<br />
Postcurfew<br />
Precurfew<br />
Postcurfew<br />
Building<br />
Luminance<br />
L (cd/m 2 )<br />
Pre-curfew<br />
0 2 0 2,500 0 0<br />
2.5 ** 5 1 7,500 500 5<br />
5 10 2 10,000 1,000 10<br />
15 25 5 25,000 2,500 25<br />
** Upward Light Ratio for luminaires in External Zone using lamps less than 20,000 lumens<br />
otherwise 0% for lamps greater, up to a distance of 5 miles beyond park boundary.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 42 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Builth Wells<br />
14 miles<br />
Hay on Wye<br />
Nynydd Preseli<br />
National Park<br />
14 miles<br />
15 miles<br />
10 miles<br />
Carmarthen Bay<br />
20 miles<br />
Bristol<br />
Figure 2.15 – Map showing National Park boundary relative to surrounding External Area<br />
20 miles<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 43 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> – Section 3<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 41 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
3 Performance Requirements - General<br />
Luminaires are designed to have light distributions which are appropriate for specific<br />
applications. Even though a luminaire has a <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Fixture Award it can produce sky<br />
glow, light intrusion or glare if it is installed incorrectly with an upward aiming angle. At<br />
lighting design stage, by following the recommendations relating to intensity and vertical<br />
illuminance limits should mitigate the obtrusive nature of stray light. Industry standard<br />
software, complete with obtrusive light evaluation criteria eg Philips Calculux is<br />
downloadable from their web site.<br />
Although described in the External Zone section, all planning applications involving external<br />
lighting should follow the <strong>Lighting</strong> Impact Assessment outlined in Section 2.3, described<br />
more fully in Appendix G, whether it is in the National Park or in the External Zone beyond<br />
the park boundary to ensure that intensity and obtrusion are mitigated accordingly.<br />
Over-lighting an area is just as obtrusive and wasteful as pushing light into the night sky.<br />
Designing for, and providing, the correct task illuminance on the ground is just as important<br />
as controlling stray light. The next sections look at task luminance or illuminance to suit the<br />
holistic need of the area’s environmental night-time ambience.<br />
Switching Regime<br />
Many commercial premises have labels attached to light switches to say “switch off lights<br />
when room is not in use” and some buildings have energy management systems which<br />
automatically detect occupation and adjust accordingly. External lighting should be similarly<br />
treated, not only to limit energy usage but also to reduce the impact on the night sky.<br />
Section 2.2 introduces a night curfew time after which exterior lighting should be switched off<br />
or reduced in quantity.<br />
Powys and Carmarthenshire County Councils are now implementing part night lighting<br />
throughout their respective public road lighting networks. Within the National Park boundary<br />
Powys has already implemented the changes in Brecon. The switching off times are slightly<br />
different but generally they will be extinguished between about midnight and 5.30am as part<br />
of their respective energy and CO 2 reduction policies.<br />
Some road and motorway lighting in the UK now have energy management built into the<br />
luminaire control gear to dim the street lighting depending on the volume of traffic. The<br />
same principles could equally apply to new lighting which is installed within the National<br />
Park. Monmouthshire have implemented this type of control in Abergavenny and there has<br />
been press coverage of the Council remotely switching off a few lights so that a school<br />
student could view a passing comet. Such a system requires electronic control gear to<br />
operate the lamp and this is the preferred option within the park boundary. Some road<br />
lighting luminaires can be fitted with a presence detection regime, however, the cost to<br />
implement this advanced regime may preclude implementation.<br />
As far as domestic exterior luminaires are concerned many can be purchased with a<br />
combined passive infra-red (PIR) presence detector and photoelectric switch unit (PECU) to<br />
do the same work as a commercial building management system. A push button time<br />
delay switch is just as good and it has the added advantage over PIR detection in that<br />
the luminaires will not be turned on by cats, dogs or other wildlife movement.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 42 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
All residences in the Buffer Zone should be encouraged to adopt some form of light<br />
reduction after the ‘curfew’ time. Even if the luminaire is not fitted with presence or darkness<br />
detection some DIY stores supply programmable light switches which are designed to<br />
replace existing internal manually operated switches.<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 10<br />
All residential and business occupiers in the Brecon Beacons will be<br />
encouraged to switch off or reduce their exterior lighting quantity at 22.00<br />
hours.<br />
3.1 Recommendations for non residential outdoor lighting<br />
3.1.1 Work Task <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
The preferred method of designing lighting is by following the performance method of task<br />
illuminance selection process from either BS EN12464-2:2007 “Light and <strong>Lighting</strong> – <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
of work places – Part 2 Outdoor work places”, and a few examples have been extracted and<br />
shown in Table 3.1 for easy reference, or from BS EN 12193:2007 “Light and <strong>Lighting</strong>.<br />
Sports <strong>Lighting</strong>” (see also the CIBSE Sports <strong>Lighting</strong> Guide).<br />
Table 3.1 – Illuminance for typical tasks within Brecon Beacons<br />
Ref<br />
No.<br />
Type of area, task or activity<br />
Eav<br />
lux<br />
Uo GR L R a Remarks<br />
Farms<br />
5.5.1 Farm Yard 20 0.10 55 20<br />
5.5.1 Equipment Shed (Open) 50 0.20 55 20<br />
5.5.3 Animals sorting pen 50 0.20 50 40<br />
Farmland Sport<br />
Equestrian (outdoor event) 100 0.50 55 20<br />
Industrial sites and Storage<br />
5.7.1 Short term handling of large units<br />
and raw material, loading and<br />
unloading of solid bulk goods<br />
5.7.2 Continuous handling of large<br />
units and raw material, loading<br />
and unloading of freight, lifting<br />
and descending location for<br />
cranes<br />
20 0.25 55 20<br />
50 0.40 50 20 Probably no sites<br />
like this in Brecon<br />
Beacons<br />
5.9.1 Parking Areas – See Roadmap<br />
20<br />
in section 3.2 following<br />
Simple Summary for safety<br />
and security<br />
Very low risk 5 0.25 55 20<br />
Low Risk 10 0.40 50 20<br />
Medium Risk 20 0.40 50 20<br />
High Risk 50 0.4 45 20<br />
Key to table abbreviations<br />
Eav = Maintained average illuminance<br />
Uo = Overall uniformity<br />
GR L = Glare Rating limit (for internal work visibility benefit and not a visibility measure from outside the site)<br />
R a = minimum colour rendering index<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 43 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Most of the recommended values shown in Table 3.1 have been based on the premise that<br />
a lamp with a low colour rendering index will be used as shown in the column headed ‘R a ’.<br />
The colour rendering index of a standard high pressure sodium lamp (SON) (yellow coloured<br />
light) is about 20 but the colour rendering index of ceramic metal discharge lamp (CMD)<br />
(true white light) is in the order of 65.<br />
Various research projects, carried out over several years, have proved that human vision<br />
works better with high order colour rendering and in some tasks the illuminance value can be<br />
reduced if ‘white’ light is used instead of ‘yellow’ light.<br />
Although monochromatic low pressure sodium light is simple to filter out of astronomical<br />
observations a well controlled, zero upward light, white light source should be a more<br />
acceptable compromise with some energy saving advantages. Filtering out certain<br />
wavelengths of artificial light, however, has the effect of reducing the visibility of low<br />
magnitude stars by a factor of at least 4 (equivalent to 2 F-stops in a camera aperture).<br />
Illuminance recommendations are based on a numeric system to replicate visually<br />
perceptible increasing steps as shown in Table 3.2. This table also shows the illuminance<br />
step difference between low colour rendering lamps and high colour rendering lamps.<br />
Table 3.2 – Illuminance comparisons based on colour rendering index (R a )<br />
Colour<br />
Rendering<br />
Task Maintained Average Illuminance Steps (lux)<br />
Index<br />
R a < 60 2 3 5 7.5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 200 300<br />
R a > 60 2 3 5 7.5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 200<br />
The roadmap in Section 3.2 shows this technique in operation on public highways and<br />
amenities, however, BS 13201 recommends that the lowest value of 2 lux should not be<br />
reduced to the anticipated value of 1 lux on a public highway.<br />
There is no visual reason why 1 lux cannot be used on private paths or roads within<br />
the National Park where appropriate and only if lighting is found to be necessary.<br />
Although ocular vision research has proved a case of improved visual acuity with “white<br />
light” current health research in the UK and the USA is studying the effect of “blue rich” white<br />
light on the mental well being of humans and animals. The IDA are considering limiting the<br />
use of some lamps which radiate light at or below 450 nanometers in the Core Zone. (See<br />
Appendix A for Colour Temperature and coloured spectrum distribution of commonly used<br />
external light sources). This may not a practical proposition in the UK since it could<br />
eliminate the use of all discharge light sources except low pressure sodium in the<br />
Core Zone. However, since there are no streetlights in the Core Zone, as an interim<br />
measure in the park remainder this LMP suggests that light sources which have a colour<br />
temperature of 3,200 0 K or less should be used in preference to 6000 0 K, especially in<br />
residential areas.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 44 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
3.1.2 Sports <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
With a growth in leisure pursuit comes a growth in the need to extend the hours that play<br />
areas can be used and there are several game areas in Brecon Beacons with floodlighting<br />
facilities but some have poor light control. Nationally some sports areas contain some of the<br />
worst cases of over-lighting and it is essential that this does not happen in or around Brecon<br />
Beacons.<br />
BS EN 12193:2007 “Light and <strong>Lighting</strong>. Sports <strong>Lighting</strong>” contains both indoor and exterior<br />
lighting recommendations for not just the players but also the audience, the referees, the<br />
cameras and last but not least the neighbours. It also contains recommendations for lighting<br />
designers in the form of typical calculation areas and the number of calculation points to<br />
include in any assessment.<br />
The illuminance recommendations are based on the quality of the game. There are 5 levels<br />
of competition from Inter-National to Recreational, all with different illuminance requirements.<br />
Table 3.3 shows some of these extremes.<br />
Some manufacturers provide free design<br />
outlines as shown in Figure 3.1 but that is only<br />
a very small part of sports lighting design<br />
considerations. It is also essential to consider<br />
light overspill and intrusion, especially when<br />
the sports field is close to residential property.<br />
In order to protect the existing dark sky over<br />
Brecon Beacons any new sports facilities<br />
requiring floodlights it is essential to ensure the<br />
playing surface is not over lit.<br />
Double asymmetric flat glass luminaires should<br />
be used with the luminaire window completely<br />
horizontal as shown in Figure 1.9 and 3.2.<br />
It may also be necessary to limit the average<br />
illuminance to that of recreational level<br />
depending on the distance the sports facility is<br />
from the Core Zone. (see Appendix A for the<br />
definition of ‘average’).<br />
Figure 3.1 – Typical Football Area - Free Design<br />
Note:- Free Design like this never includes the impact on the surrounding landscape.<br />
Table 3.3 - Game maintained average illuminance extremes<br />
Game National Recreational<br />
Football, Rugby, Basketball, 500 lux 75 lux<br />
Netball, Volleyball<br />
Equestrian and Cycle Racing 500 lux 100 lux<br />
Hockey and Tennis 500 lux 200 lux<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 45 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Figure 3.2 – Tennis Court lighting good example<br />
This is a pictorial example of a fully cut-off luminaire<br />
installation.<br />
The IDA term for this installation is “fully shielded”<br />
without applying additional external screens, hoods<br />
or louvers on the luminaire.<br />
Figure 3.3 - Example of good sports ground light control in Brecon<br />
Some luminaire manufacturers / suppliers, especially budget range DIY equipment, cannot<br />
provide photometric intensity tables. This precludes the use of computer algorithms to check<br />
either the essential information about fundamental illuminance values or check for obtrusive<br />
light situations.<br />
At design and planning application stages the answer is simple, do not propose the use of<br />
equipment which the manufacturer or supplier cannot provide photometric support and at<br />
installation stage do not substitute a non-photometrically measured equivalent look-a-like.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 46 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Selection Matrix Starter<br />
Main User Type Typical Speed<br />
of Main User<br />
Excluded UserType<br />
Pedestrian & Cyclist Walking Speed Motors, Slow Vehicles<br />
& Motor Cycles<br />
Vehicle conftict<br />
and shop users<br />
Situation<br />
Set<br />
Remote Path - Set 8<br />
"Shops" - Set 7<br />
10-30 MPH "Streets" - Set 7<br />
Car Parks - Set 6<br />
Residential vehicles, 10-30 MPH Heavy goods vehicles Set 5<br />
Cycles & Pedestrians<br />
Motorised traffic &<br />
Slow vehicles<br />
20-40 MPH Minor / Rural- Set 4<br />
Secondary - Set 3<br />
Motorised Traffic 30-70 MPH None Set 2<br />
Motorway<br />
Regulations<br />
70+ Slow vehicles, cycles<br />
& pedestrians<br />
Set 1<br />
Set 1 - Luminance Design Objectives<br />
Typical Network:- Motorway&Motorway Link Roads<br />
Traffic Flow ADT 40,000<br />
Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR<br />
Complex Interchange 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5<br />
Junction<br />
Spacing<br />
3Km<br />
1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5<br />
1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5<br />
Hard Shoulder 0.75 0.4 0.6 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5<br />
Set 2 - Luminance Design Objectives<br />
Typical Network:- Strategic Routes, Trunk and some Principal "A" roads<br />
Main Distributor Routes or<br />
Routes between Strategic routes with peak time parking restrictions<br />
Traffic Flow ADT 15,000 >25,000<br />
Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR<br />
Single Normally 1.0 0.4 0.7 15% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5<br />
Carriageway<br />
>10,000<br />
& E3 or E4<br />
1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5<br />
Above only with on street<br />
parking, otherwise as below<br />
Dual Carriageway 1.0 0.4 0.7 15% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5<br />
Set 3 - Luminance Design Objectives<br />
Typical Network:- Secondary Distributor ("A,B & C" Classified)<br />
Unclassified Urban Bus Routes<br />
Urban Collector Road<br />
1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5<br />
Traffic Flow ADT Low District Brightness Medium District (E3) High District Bright. E4<br />
Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR<br />
< 7,000<br />
7,000 - 15,000<br />
> 15,000<br />
> 25,000<br />
0.75 0.4 0.6 10% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.5 15% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.7 15% 0.5<br />
1.0 0.4 0.6 10% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.6 15% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5<br />
1.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5<br />
1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.7 10% 0.5<br />
Set 4 - Luminance Design Objectives<br />
Typical Network:- Local Rural Roads & Rural Bus Routes = 40MPH or less<br />
Residential or Industrial Interconnecting Roads<br />
Minor single carriageway & Link Roads between Secondary Distributors<br />
No<br />
Parking<br />
Parking<br />
Traffic Flow ADT<br />
< 7,000<br />
9,000 use Set 3<br />
3.2 Requirements for Traffic and Residential Area <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Low District Brightness Medium District (E3)<br />
Lav Uo Ul TI SR Lav Uo Ul TI SR<br />
0.5 0.4 0.4 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.5 15% 0.5<br />
0.75 0.4 0.5 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.6 15% 0.5<br />
0.75 0.4 0.5 10% 0.5 0.75 0.4 0.6 15% 0.5<br />
0.75 0.4 0.5 10% 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.5 15% 0.5<br />
Residential<br />
Traffic<br />
Env. Zone<br />
Crime<br />
rate<br />
Set 8 - illuminance Design Objectives<br />
Typical Network:- Footpath, cycle way<br />
and non-town centre pedestrian area<br />
Pedestrian Flow Normal High<br />
Environmental Zone E1/2 E3 E4 E1/2 E3 E4<br />
Normal Crime Eav 2 3 5 3 5 7.5<br />
Emin 0.6 0.6 1 0.6 1 1.5<br />
High Crime Eav 7.5 10 15 10 15 20<br />
Emin 1.5 3 5 3 5 8<br />
Pedestrian Flow<br />
Measurement from IESNA<br />
in 1st hour of darkness<br />
Low = 10 or less<br />
Medium = 11 to 100<br />
High = over 100<br />
Where a light source with Ra>60 is used, the lighting level can be reduced by 1 class<br />
except 2 lux should not be reduced further.<br />
Ra<br />
value<br />
Low 60<br />
Med 60<br />
High 60<br />
Low traffic flow<br />
with pedestrians<br />
and cyclists<br />
Set 7 - illuminance Design Objective<br />
Typically:- City & Town Centre Shopping Streets<br />
Pedestrian / traffic flow Medium<br />
Environmental Zone E3 E4<br />
Pedestrian Only<br />
Mixed on separate<br />
surface<br />
Mixed on shared<br />
surface<br />
Major shopping centre, sports &<br />
major multi purpose building complex<br />
Small town shops, Department store<br />
office building, small sports complex<br />
Village shops, schools, churches,<br />
terraced and apartment houses<br />
Eav<br />
Uo<br />
Eav<br />
Uo<br />
Eav<br />
Uo<br />
High<br />
E3 E4<br />
15 20 20 30<br />
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4<br />
20 30 30 30<br />
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4<br />
20 30 30 30<br />
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4<br />
Set 6 - illuminance Design Objectives<br />
Typical Network:- Car Parks & Motorway Rest Area<br />
Zone Eav Uo GRL<br />
20 0.25 50<br />
See BSEN12464-2:2007 for other external work task illuminance<br />
Set 5 - illuminance Design Objectives<br />
Typical Network:- Local Access Roads & roads serving limited number of properties<br />
Urban Residential Loop Roads<br />
LIGHTING DESIGN ROADMAP - Devised and Designed by<br />
LCADS Ltd, Moffat : Tel 01683 220 299<br />
Values in RED italics are additional CEN values to BSEN 5489 Recommendations<br />
Normal traffic flow<br />
with pedestrians<br />
and cyclists<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0.25<br />
0.25<br />
50<br />
50<br />
Normal traffic flow<br />
with pedestrians<br />
and cyclists<br />
E1/E2 E3/E4 E1/E2 E3/E4 E1/E2 E3/E4<br />
Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin Eav Emin<br />
3 0.6 5 1 5 1 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 10 3<br />
2 0.6 3 0.6 3 0.6 5 1 5 1 7.5 1.5<br />
5 1 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 10 3<br />
15 5<br />
3 0.6 5 1 5 1 7.5 1.5<br />
10 3<br />
10 3 10 3 10 3 15 5<br />
15 5<br />
7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 7.5 1.5 10 3<br />
10 3<br />
LCADS Ltd<br />
(C) 2008<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 47 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
3.3 Non-photometric Recipe method for domestic exterior lighting<br />
Since most domestic residential exterior lighting units are not photometrically<br />
measured the installation planning does require a design methodology better than a<br />
global 1000 lumen limit as indicated in earlier sections.<br />
As described previously a lamp output limit of 1000 lumens in luminaires with poor<br />
light control is considered to be a generalised rule of thumb marker. However Table<br />
3.4 provides a more accurate lumen and wattage prescription, which is based on the<br />
overall area of the building structures on each residential plot of land.<br />
Appendix D contains simple advice on installation techniques and Appendix E<br />
contains examples of exterior lighting equipment which should be considered when<br />
purchasing new exterior lighting. The Authority intend to make this information<br />
available to all the residents within the park boundary.<br />
Lamp lumens is a consistent value and although difficult to find on some packaging<br />
may in the future supersede the lamp wattage. Lamp watts can vary with the efficacy<br />
of the lamp. Table 3.4 has therefore been constructed using the lamp lumens as the<br />
base from which to start followed by tables which show the equivalent lamp wattages<br />
for different lamp types.<br />
Table 3.4 - Total Lumen Limit for each residence<br />
Total Lumens<br />
for domestic<br />
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Fully cut-off<br />
luminaires<br />
each lamp lumen<br />
maximum<br />
Part cut-off<br />
luminaires<br />
each lamp lumen<br />
maximum<br />
No light control<br />
luminaires<br />
each lamp lumen<br />
maximum<br />
E0<br />
Core<br />
750 lm<br />
plus<br />
4.5 lm / m 2<br />
of site<br />
structures*<br />
Environmental Zone<br />
E1 E2 E3*** E4***<br />
Buffer<br />
750 lm 2250 lm 4500 lm 6000 lm<br />
plus plus plus plus<br />
4.5 lm / m 2 4.5 lm / m 2 4.5 lm / m 2 4.5 lm / m 2<br />
of site of site of site of site<br />
structures* structures* structures* structures*<br />
1000 lm 1200 lm 1650 lm 2400 lm 3200 lm<br />
X 750 lm 1200 lm 1650 lm 2400 lm<br />
X 480 lm** 750 lm 750 lm 750 lm<br />
*** Environmental zones E2 - E4 do not relate to any conditions in or near<br />
Brecon Beacons and should be excluded from any considerations for domestic<br />
lighting.<br />
They are shown here as an example for others to follow in External Zones.<br />
* Site structures is the sum of the land area of residential buildings, habitable<br />
structures, garages, recreational buildings and storage structures on each property<br />
plot.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 48 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
From table 3.4 a total site structure in the Buffer Zone (E1) with say 255 m 2 would<br />
provide for a total of 1,897 lumens which can be distributed as 1 or more luminaires<br />
up to the total allowance. (see Appendix E for list of lower lumen and wattage lamps)<br />
Table 3.5 - Lamp watts for each luminaire with Compact Fluorescent<br />
E0<br />
Core<br />
E1<br />
Buffer<br />
Environmental Zone<br />
E2 E3*** E4***<br />
Fully cut-off luminaires<br />
each lamp watts maximum 11w 20 watts 24 watts 32 watts 42 watts<br />
Part cut off luminaires<br />
each lamp watts maximum X 11 watts 20 watts 24 watts 32 watts<br />
No light control luminaires<br />
each lamp watts maximum X 9 watts** 12 watts** 12 watts 12 watts<br />
** The maximum watts or lumens for each lamp in this section relates to replacing<br />
lamps in existing lighting units only. No new luminaires with little or no light control<br />
should be considered, especially in environmental zones E1 and E2.<br />
Table 3.6 - Lamp watts for each luminaire with Tungsten Halogen<br />
E0<br />
Core<br />
E1<br />
Buffer<br />
Environmental Zone<br />
E2 E3*** E4***<br />
Fully cut-off luminaires<br />
each lamp watts maximum 50w 60 watts 100 watts 150 watts 200 watts<br />
Part cut off luminaires<br />
each lamp watts maximum X N/A 60 watts 100 watts 150 watts<br />
No light control luminaires<br />
each lamp watts maximum X N/A N/A N/A N/A<br />
Table 3.7 - Lamp watts for each luminaire with Incandescent / Candle / Capsule<br />
Lamp<br />
E0<br />
Core<br />
E1<br />
Buffer<br />
Environmental Zone<br />
E2 E3*** E4***<br />
Fully cut-off luminaires<br />
each lamp watts maximum<br />
2 x 35 watt<br />
halostar<br />
2x60 watt<br />
Capsule<br />
See 3.4 See 3.4<br />
Part cut off luminaires<br />
each lamp watts maximum X 60 watts See 3.4 See 3.4 See 3.4<br />
No light control luminaires<br />
each lamp watts maximum X 40w<br />
candle<br />
40w<br />
candle<br />
40w<br />
candle<br />
40w<br />
candle<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 49 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Table 3.8 - Lumen and Watts exception for Ceramic / Metal Halide discharge<br />
lamps<br />
E0<br />
Core<br />
E1<br />
Buffer<br />
Environmental Zone<br />
E2 E3*** E4***<br />
Fully cut-off luminaires<br />
each lamp lumen maximum<br />
each lamp watts maximum<br />
X<br />
1500 lm<br />
20w<br />
2400 lm<br />
35w<br />
5500 lm<br />
70w<br />
5500 lm<br />
70w<br />
Part or No light control luminaires are not allowed with this light source<br />
Floodlights in the domestic budget range DIY equipment<br />
usually take the form of a simple area floodlight with a<br />
high wattage tungsten halogen lamp. They are popular<br />
because they are cheap, easy to install, and are often<br />
combined with photo-electric (PECU) switches to prevent<br />
daytime operation and with passive infra red (PIR)<br />
detectors to switch on and off automatically during the<br />
hours of darkness.<br />
In the majority of cases these fittings, or luminaires, are<br />
installed typically on garage or porch fascias at about 2-3<br />
metres above ground level, and arranged to direct their<br />
main beams, sometimes elevated 90 degrees towards the property boundary to<br />
operate as vehicles or people enter. This high beam arrangement often results in<br />
glare to road users and light intrusion into adjacent property windows.<br />
This type of installation is not in keeping with the light control required in a rural<br />
setting and as from the effective date of implementation of this LMP no new<br />
floodlights of this type will meet the <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve requirements. However,<br />
floodlights with a horizontal flat glass or the fully cut-off examples shown in Table 3.9<br />
will provide the degree of light control expected.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 50 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Table 3.9 – Light Control Examples<br />
Fully Cut-off Examples Partly Cut-off Examples No light Control Examples<br />
Konst Smide Torino range<br />
7326-750 black or 7325-000 silver<br />
IP 44<br />
100w halogen = 1650 lm<br />
150w halogen = 2200 lm<br />
300w halogen = 5000 lm<br />
no new units<br />
Zumtobel Bega 2489 18w PLC<br />
Solar power LED<br />
no new units<br />
IP 65<br />
ERCO Parscoop<br />
42w fluorescent = 3200 lm<br />
70w metal halide = 5000 lm<br />
Acceptable substitute for 300 or 500<br />
watt tungsten halogen replacement<br />
limit to 40 watt candle<br />
or 9 watt compact<br />
fluorescent<br />
18 watts = 1200 lm and too<br />
large for <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> application<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 51 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
4 Permitted and Non-Permitted <strong>Lighting</strong> Installations<br />
4.1 Typical permitted applications<br />
Typical, but not limited to the following, lighting applications which will require<br />
planning consent:<br />
Sports facilities with column or structure mounted luminaires less than 15<br />
metres in height.<br />
Temporary Construction site lighting.<br />
Club Car Parks.<br />
Bridges, churches, public monuments and buildings.<br />
Town located lit advertising signs<br />
To obtain lighting consent, planning applicants shall demonstrate that the proposed<br />
lighting installation:-<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
(a) Contains an analysis of the 20 point Good Design Practice Checklist<br />
produced by the Scottish Executive (see also Section 2.3)<br />
(b) A statement that shows every reasonable effort to mitigate <strong>Sky</strong> Glow and<br />
Light Intrusion has been addressed and accompanied by a computer<br />
calculation indicating average task illuminance, uniformity, horizontal values<br />
of overspill beyond the property line and vertical illuminance values of light<br />
intrusion on adjacent properties.<br />
(c) Employs lighting controls to reduce the quantity of lighting at the project<br />
specific ‘Curfew’ time which has been established in the <strong>Plan</strong>ning Permission.<br />
(d) Complies with all light limitation factors outlined in this LMP.<br />
4.2 Non-Permitted <strong>Lighting</strong> Applications<br />
The following applications will not be permitted in any area falling inside the boundary<br />
of the National Park:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Aerial Laser Shows<br />
<strong>Sky</strong> Tracking Searchlights<br />
High intensity light sources greater than 200,000 lumens<br />
Luminaires mounted higher than 15 metres on column or structure<br />
Sports complexes requiring an average playing surface greater than 75 lux.<br />
Theme and amusement parks.<br />
Rural located lit advertising signs.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 52 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5 Existing <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
5.1 General<br />
All existing lighting units within the Buffer Zone, which utilise lamps greater than 1000<br />
lumens, should be brought into line with the light limitation recommendations in this<br />
LMP as units require replacing.<br />
All existing street lighting in the External Zone shall remain as installed until the<br />
luminaires require to be replaced. As local authority improvement budgets permit,<br />
each street will be equipped with new luminaires, and bracket arms where<br />
necessary, to meet the light intensity limitation at 90 0 and above as recommended in<br />
this LMP.<br />
Change of property size<br />
If a major addition occurs on a property, or street, lighting for the entire property, or<br />
street, shall comply with the recommendations in this LMP. The following are<br />
considered major additions:<br />
<br />
<br />
An addition of 50% or more in terms of residential houses, gross floor area,<br />
seating capacity, parking space or street length.<br />
Single or cumulative additions, modifications or replacement of 50% or more<br />
of installed exterior lighting luminaires.<br />
Change of Property Ownership<br />
If a property, with non-conforming lighting, changes ownership or usage the new<br />
owners will be encouraged to appraise which units could be replaced with compliant<br />
luminaires. If the existing exterior lighting is no longer required all non-conforming<br />
lighting should be removed and the new owners will be encouraged to help update<br />
the inventory record by submitting an advisory note on the number of luminaires<br />
amended or removed.<br />
Guide to Table 5.2 – 5.5 “Compliant” column<br />
In the following tables the last column contains 2 grades of compliant luminaires<br />
namely:-<br />
(1) those with lamps less than 1000 lumens (shown as 1 or more in clear cells)<br />
equating to just less than 1% of the total inventory but are not causing concern<br />
and<br />
(2) those with lamps greater than 1000 lumens (shown as 0 in red cells) in the table.<br />
As previously indicated priority should be given to modifying the over 1000 lumen<br />
units, in the red cells, since they equate to just over 22% of the total inventory.<br />
Cells with 1 or greater mean that these luminaires are fully compliant with IDA guidelines<br />
and are not at issue.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 53 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5.2 Core Zone - Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> Audit<br />
Table 5.2 Total Number of lighting units = 112 Total Compliant = 75 = 67%<br />
Ref Type of fitting Qty. Building Type Elevation<br />
No.<br />
Angle<br />
Adaptable Wattage Duty<br />
Cycle<br />
Application<br />
Fully<br />
Shielded<br />
Qty.<br />
Compliant<br />
2.19 bulkhead 1 house 0 no 60 switch porch yes 1<br />
2.19 recessed wall 7 wall 90 no 8 pecu access no 7<br />
2.19 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 150 pir garden no 0<br />
2.19 downlights 2 garage 0 no 100 switch yard yes 2<br />
2.34 bulkhead 3 shed 90 no 60 switch yard no 3<br />
2.34 bulkhead 1 shed 90 no 8 switch yard no 1<br />
2.34 floodlight 1 reception 45 yes 300 pir yard no 0<br />
2.34 bulkhead 3 reception 90 no 60 pir porch yes 3<br />
2.34 bulkhead 1 reception 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
2.34 heritage 2 reception 90 no 8 switch door no 2<br />
2.34 floodlight 1 link 45 yes 500 pir path no 0<br />
2.34 floodlight 1 link 20 yes 70 switch path no 0<br />
2.34 bulkhead 1 link 90 no 8 switch path no 1<br />
2.34 floodlight 5 student house 20 yes 70 switch path no 0<br />
2.34 floodlight 1 outhouse 90 yes 36 pir yard no 0<br />
5.38 Wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 sw security no 1<br />
5.38 flood 4 house 45 yes 500 sw path no 0<br />
5.39 Wellglass 1 house 90 no 13w pir path no 1<br />
5.39 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 500 pir security no 0<br />
5.39 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 500 pir security no 0<br />
5.39 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 150 pir security no 0<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 55 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5.39 bulkhead 2 extension 90 no 13w switch security no 2<br />
5.39 bulkhead 3 extension 90 no 13w pir security no 3<br />
5.39 floodlight 3 extension 45 yes 150 pir security no 0<br />
5.39 floodlight 1 shed 90 yes 150 pir security no 0<br />
5.40 heritage 2 house 90 no 13w sw door no 2<br />
5.40 heritage 2 house 90 no 13w sw security no 2<br />
5.40 heritage 7 wall 90 no 13w sw garden no 7<br />
12.53 wellglass 2 house 90 no 60 switch path no 2<br />
12.53 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
15.04 wellglass 3 house 90 no 60 switch access no 3<br />
15.04 wellglass 1 barn 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
15.05 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch access no 1<br />
15.05 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
15.05 floodlight 4 poles 45 yes 150 pir garden no 0<br />
15.06 bulkhead 1 porch 90 no 40 switch door no 1<br />
15.07 heritage 1 porch 90 no 40 pir door no 1<br />
15.07 wellglass 1 house 90 no 40 switch access no 1<br />
15.07 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 70 switch yard no 0<br />
15.07 floodlight 1 pole 45 yes 70 switch menage no 0<br />
15.07 floodlight 1 stable 45 yes 70 switch yard no 0<br />
15.08 heritage 1 house 90 no 11 switch access no 1<br />
15.08 floodlight 1 workshop 60 yes 70 switch yard no 0<br />
15.08 floodlight 1 porch 90 yes 150 pir drive no 0<br />
15.08 bulkhead 1 porch 90 no 11 pir access no 1<br />
15.08 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir seating no 0<br />
15.08 floodlight 2 pole 45 yes 120 pir path no 0<br />
15.09 heritage 1 house 90 no 8 switch path no 1<br />
15.09 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
15.09 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 150 pir access no 0<br />
15.10 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
15.10 solar 11 garden 90 no 3 battery access no 11<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 56 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
15.11 no lights<br />
15.12 wellglass 2 house 90 no 60 pir door no 2<br />
15.12 bulkhead 2 sheds 90 no 60 pir yard no 2<br />
15.13 wellglass 2 house 90 no 60 switch path no 2<br />
15.14 heritage 1 house 90 no 40 switch door no 1<br />
15.40 wellglass 1 house 90 no 40 switch door no 1<br />
112 Core Zone Total 75<br />
Core Zone Compliant 67%<br />
halogen floodlights on pir total = 23 or 20% of core zone survey<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 57 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5.3 Critical Buffer Zone - Domestic / Farm / B&B - Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> Audit<br />
Table 5.3 Total Number of lighting units = 555 Total Compliant = 402 = 72%<br />
Ref Type of fitting Qty. Building Type Elevation<br />
No.<br />
Angle<br />
Adaptable Wattage Duty<br />
Cycle<br />
Application<br />
Fully<br />
Shielded<br />
Qty.<br />
Compliant<br />
1.01 Bulkhead 2 Barn 90 n 60 switch security n 2<br />
1.01 Bulkhead 1 2D Fl switch security n 1<br />
1.01 Heritage 2 house 90 n 60 switch yard n 2<br />
1.01 Wellglass 1 shed 90 n 60 switch security n 1<br />
1.02<br />
1.03 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch Porch no 1<br />
1.04 heritage 3 house 90 no 25 switch door no 3<br />
1.05 0 house<br />
1.06 0<br />
1.07 wellglass 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2<br />
1.07 floodlight 1 outhouse 80 yes 500 switch security no 0<br />
1.08 0<br />
1.09 Modern 2 house 0 no switch door y 2<br />
1.09 floodlight 1 house 45 no 300 switch yard no 0<br />
1.09 Bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
1.09 Bulkhead 1 house 90 no 8 switch door no 1<br />
1.10 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
1.10 floodlight 1 garage 80 yes 500 pir yard no 0<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 58 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
1.11 heritage 1 house 90 no 25 switch Porch no 1<br />
1.11 Bulkhead 1 shed 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
1.12 <br />
1.13 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch Porch no 1<br />
1.13 heritage 3 house 90 no 60 switch garden no 3<br />
1.13 heritage 2 garage 90 no 60 pir yard no 2<br />
1.14 0<br />
1.15 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch Porch no 1<br />
1.15 floodlight 1 0 no 150 switch yard y 1<br />
1.15 wellglass 3 90 no 60 switch garden no 3<br />
1.16 Bulkhead 1 House 0 no 13 switch door no 1<br />
1.16 heritage 3 90 no 13 switch path no 3<br />
1.16 heritage 3 wall 90 no 60 switch yard no 3<br />
1.16 floodlight 1 Garage 80 yes 500 pir yard no 0<br />
1.16 heritage 2 house 90 no 13 pir path no 2<br />
1.16 wellglass 1 90 no 13 switch yard no 1<br />
1.17 wellglass 2 House 90 no 60 switch garden n 1<br />
1.17 floodlight 1 barn 90 no 60 switch security y 0<br />
1.17 Bulkhead 1 barn 70 yes 60 switch security n 1<br />
1.17 Solar 3 garden 90 no 5 pir garden n 3<br />
1.18 wellglass 1 House 90 no 60 switch Porch n 1<br />
1.18 wellglass 1 barn 90 no 60 switch yard n 1<br />
1.19 heritage 1 House 90 no 60 switch door n 1<br />
1.19 heritage 1 gate 90 no 60 switch gate n 1<br />
1.19 wellglass 1 shed 90 no 60 switch security n 1<br />
1.20 floodlight 1 House 80 yes 300 pir garden n 0<br />
1.20 floodlight 1 60 yes 300 pir garden n 0<br />
1.21 heritage 3 House 90 no 60 switch secutity no 3<br />
1.22 wellglass 1 House 90 no 60 switch Porch no 1<br />
1.22 floodlight 1 House 90 yes 500 pir yard no 0<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 59 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
1.22 floodlight 3 barn 90 yes 500 pir yard n 0<br />
1.22 floodlight 1 shed 80 yes 500 pir yard n 0<br />
1.23.1 floodlight 1 House 70 yes 150 pir door no 0<br />
1.23.1 floodlight 1 House 70 yes 150 pir yard no 0<br />
1.23.2 floodlight 1 House 0 yes 500 switch door y 1<br />
1.23.2 floodlight 1 90 yes 500 switch yard no 0<br />
1.23.3 wellglass 1 barn 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
1.24 floodlight 1 barn 90 yes 150 switch yard no 0<br />
1.24 heritage 1 House 80 no 60 switch garden no 1<br />
1.24 Solar 2 gate 90 no 2 pir gate no 2<br />
1.25 wellglass 5 house 90 no 25 switch security no 5<br />
1.26 none 0 house<br />
1.27<br />
1.27.1 heritage 5 house 90 no 25 switch path no 5<br />
1.27.1 floodlight 1 house 60 yes 500 pir security no 0<br />
1.28 wellglass 1 house 90 no 25 switch Porch no 1<br />
1.28 heritage 1 house 90 no 25 switch garden no 1<br />
1.28 floodlight 1 barn 60 yes 500 switch yard no 0<br />
2.00<br />
2.01 wellglass 2 house 90 no 100 switch security no 2<br />
2.01 floodlight 1 house 70 yes 500 switch security no 0<br />
2.01 wellglass 1 garage 90 no 60 pir security no 1<br />
2.02 wellglass 3 house 90 no 60 pir foot no 3<br />
2.02 heritage 3 pole 90 no 100 switch steps no 3<br />
2.03 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch foot no 1<br />
2.03 wellglass 1 shed 90 no 100 switch security no 1<br />
2.03 floodlight 1 shed 60 yes 80 switch yard no 0<br />
2.03 floodlight 1 shed 45 yes 500 switch yard no 0<br />
2.04.1 heritage 2 house 90 no 60 pir foot no 2<br />
2.04.1 heritage 1 porch 90 no 60 pir door no 1<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 60 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
2.04.2 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
2.04.2 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
2.05 heritage 1 porch 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
2.05 floodlight 1 house 60 yes 150 switch yard no 0<br />
2.05 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 500 switch yard no 0<br />
2.06 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
2.06 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
2.07.1 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
2.07.2 louvered tube 7 house 90 no 60 pir foot part 7<br />
2.09 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch foot no 1<br />
2.09 floodlight 1 house 70 yes 500 switch bridge no 0<br />
2.10.1 no lights<br />
2.10.2 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch foot no 1<br />
2.10.3 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 pir foot no 1<br />
2.11 bulkhead 1 chapel 90 no 100 switch door no 1<br />
2.12 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
2.12 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
2.12 floodlight 1 garage 45 yes 500 switch security no 0<br />
2.13 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 11 switch path no 2<br />
2.13 bulkhead 2 barn 90 no 11 switch security no 2<br />
2.13 floodlight 1 barn 45 yes 300 switch security no 0<br />
2.14 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 8 switch access no 1<br />
2.14 wellglass 1 house 90 no 8 switch access no 1<br />
2.15 heritage 1 house 90 no 40 switch door no 1<br />
2.16 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 40 switch access no 1<br />
2.17 bulkhead 2 house 0 no 60 switch door no 2<br />
2.18 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 500 switch yard no 0<br />
2.20 bulkhead 2 workshop 90 no 60 switch yard no 2<br />
2.20 floodlight 2 barn 45 yes 300 pir yard no 0<br />
2.20 heritage 2 house 90 no 8 switch path no 2<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 61 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
2.22 heritage 5 house 90 no 8 switch access no 5<br />
2.22 bulkhead 2 workshop 90 no 11 switch access no 2<br />
2.22 wellglass 1 piggery 90 no 8 switch door no 1<br />
2.22 floodlight 2 now disconnected 2<br />
2.23 no lights<br />
2.24 survey request refused<br />
2.25 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
2.25 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 pir yard no 1<br />
2.25 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
2.25 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 pir yard no 1<br />
2.25 heritage 1 house 90 no 40 switch garden no 1<br />
2.25 floodlight 1 stable 20 yes 150 pir door no 0<br />
2.26 wellglass 2 house 90 no 60 switch door yes 2<br />
2.26 floodlight 1 house 20 yes 150 pir yard yes 1<br />
2.26 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
2.27 heritage 2 house 90 no 8 switch door no 2<br />
2.27 floodlight 1 garage 90 yes 150 pir drive no 0<br />
2.27.2 bulkhead 1 garage 90 no 60 switch access no 1<br />
2.27.2 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch access door 1<br />
2.27.2 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch access no 1<br />
2.27.3 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
2.27.4 heritage 2 house 90 no 8 switch door no 2<br />
2.28 heritage 6 house 90 no 11 pir yard no 6<br />
2.28 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
2.28 floodlight 3 house 45 yes 36 pir yard no 0<br />
2.28 floodlight 1 workshop 45 yes 150 pir drive no 0<br />
2.28 solar 6 garden 90 no 3 pecu decorative no 6<br />
2.29 not surveyed<br />
2.30 heritage 2 gate post 90 no 40 switch security no 2<br />
2.30 floodlight 2 post 70 yes security no 0<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 62 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
2.31 not surveyed<br />
2.32 bulkhead 1 house 0 no 100 switch porch yes 1<br />
2.32 floodlight 1 house 60 yes 500 pir yard part 0<br />
2.33 floodlight 3 house 20 yes 500 pir steps part 0<br />
2.33 floodlight 2 house 20 yes 150 pir garden no 0<br />
2.33<br />
round<br />
bulkhead 6 house 90 no 2D switch path no 0<br />
2.33 long bulkhead 6 house 90 no 8 switch path no 6<br />
8.00<br />
8.01 bulkhead 1 bell housing 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
8.02 floodlight 1 porch 45 yes 300 pir door no 0<br />
8.03 floodlight 1 garage 90 yes 150 pir approach no 0<br />
8.03 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
8.04 Welsh Water - not surveyed<br />
8.05 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 120 pir door no 0<br />
8.05 floodlight 1 house 70 yes 150 pir yard no 0<br />
8.05 floodlight 1 barn 70 yes 150 pir yard no 0<br />
8.06 closed - not surveyed<br />
8.07.2 no lights<br />
8.08 not found<br />
8.09 heritage 4 fence/house 90 no 8 switch door no 4<br />
8.09 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
8.10.1 bulkhead 1 porch 90 no 18 switch door no 1<br />
8.10.2 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
8.10.2 floodlight 1 house 0 yes 150 pir access yes 1<br />
8.12 no lights<br />
8.14 not found<br />
8.15 wellglass 3 house 90 no 60 switch path no 3<br />
8.15 floodlight 1 house 60 yes 150 pir drive no 0<br />
8.15 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 63 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
8.15 solar 7 house 90 no 3 battery garden no 7<br />
8.15 floodlight 1 house 80 yes 500 pir drive no 0<br />
8.15 floodlight 2 outhouse 70 yes 300 pir yard no 0<br />
8.15 wellglass 1 outhouse 90 no 40 pir yard no 1<br />
8.15 wellglass 1 toilet block 90 no 60 pecu path no 1<br />
8.15 bulkhead 1 toilet block 90 no 60 pecu path no 1<br />
8.15 wellglass 1 stable 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
8.15 floodlight 1 stable 70 yes 500 pir yard no 0<br />
8.15 floodlight 1 barn 70 yes 300 pir drive no 0<br />
8.16 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 150 pir drive no 0<br />
8.16 wellglass 2 house 90 no 60 switch path no 2<br />
8.16 floodlight 1 workshops 0 yes 150 switch yard yes 1<br />
8.16 floodlight 2 barn 45 yes 150 switch yard no 0<br />
8.17 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 300 pir security no 0<br />
8.17 floodlight 2 workshops 45 yes 300 pir security no 0<br />
8.17 floodlight 3 pole 90 yes 300 pir security no 0<br />
4.00<br />
4.01 heritage 6 post 90 no 60 switch path no 6<br />
4.01 heritage 3 house 90 no 60 pir path no 3<br />
4.01 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 150 pir yard no 0<br />
4.01 wellglass 2 house 90 no 60 switch path no 2<br />
4.01 heritage 1 outhouse 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
4.01 floodlight 2 outhouse 70 yes 500 pir yard no 0<br />
4.02 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 150 pir drive no 0<br />
4.02 heritage 1 house 90 no 25 pir path no 1<br />
4.03 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
4.03 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
4.04 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 13 pir door no 1<br />
4.04 contemporary 1 house 90 no 13 pir door no 1<br />
4.05 heritage 1 house 90 no 13 switch door no 1<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 64 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
4.06 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 pir door no 1<br />
4.06 floodlight 1 garage 60 yes 500 pir drive no 0<br />
4.06 floodlight 1 house 0 yes 150 pir access yes 1<br />
4.07 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
4.07 contemporary 1 house 45 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
4.07 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 500 pir yard no 0<br />
4.08 bulkhead 3 house 90 no 11 switch path no 3<br />
4.08 bulkhead 1 gate 90 no 60 switch drive no 1<br />
4.08 floodlight 1 garage 60 yes 150 pir drive no 0<br />
4.08 bulkhead 1 90 no 60 switch access no 1<br />
4.09 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 pir access no 1<br />
4.09 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 500 pir drive no 0<br />
4.10 floodlight 1 barn 60 yes 500 switch yard no 0<br />
5.00<br />
5.01 to survey<br />
5.02 Floodlight 1 barn 60 yes 150 son switch security no 0<br />
5.02 bulkhead 1 barn 90 no 60 switch security no 1<br />
5.03 Floodlight 3 house 90 yes 500 switch security no 0<br />
5.03 Wellglass 1 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
5.03 Heritage 1 post 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
5.03 bulkhead 2 wall 90 no 60 switch yard no 2<br />
5.03 Floodlight 1 garage 90 yes 500 switch yard no 0<br />
5.04 to survey<br />
5.05 heritage 2 house 90 no 40 switch foot no 2<br />
5.05.2 heritage 5 house 90 no 40 switch foot no 5<br />
5.05.3 heritage 3 barn 90 no 40 switch foot no 3<br />
5.05.3 floodlight 2 barn 20 yes 500 pir security no 0<br />
5.06 bulkhead 3 house 90 no 60 pir foot no 3<br />
5.07<br />
5.08 heritage 5 house 90 no 11 switch foot no 5<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 65 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5.08 decorative 1 house 90 no 60 switch foot no 1<br />
5.08 floodlight 2 house 70 yes 500 pir security no 0<br />
5.09<br />
5.10 decorative 1 house 90 no 40 switch path no 1<br />
5.11 no lighting<br />
5.12 heritage 1 house 90 no 40 switch path no 1<br />
5.12 floodlight 1 garage 70 yes 500 pir security no 0<br />
5.13 wellglass 1 house 90 no 100 switch door no 1<br />
5.14.1 pendant 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
5.14.2 wellglass 2 house 90 no 60 switch path no 2<br />
5.14.2 opal globe 1 post 90 no 100 switch bridge no 0<br />
5.14.2 bulkhead 1 garage 90 no 60 pir drive no 1<br />
5.14.3 no lighting<br />
5.15 wellglass 2 chapel 90 no 100 switch path no 2<br />
5.15 bulkhead 1 chapel 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
5.16 not surveyed<br />
5.17 not surveyed<br />
5.18 not surveyed<br />
5.19 not surveyed<br />
5.20 street light 3 pole 0 no 70 PECU road no 0<br />
5.21 street light 3 pole 0 no 55 disconnected yes 3<br />
5.23 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
5.24 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
5.25 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
5.25 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch security no 1<br />
5.26 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch security no 1<br />
5.26 bulkhead 1 porch 0 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
5.27 heritage 2 house 90 no 40 switch path no 2<br />
5.27 floodlight 2 garage 70 no 150 pir security no 0<br />
5.28 pendant 1 porch 0 no 11 switch door yes 1<br />
5.29<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 66 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5.30 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 150 pir yard no 0<br />
5.30 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 sw yard no 1<br />
5.30 floodlight 2 barn 90 yes 150 pir yard n0 0<br />
5.30 floodlight 1 barn 80 yes 500 pir yard no 0<br />
5.31 not surveyed<br />
5.31.2 heritage 5 wall 90 no 60 switch path no 5<br />
5.31.2 heritage 3 post 90 no 60 switch path no 3<br />
5.31.2 floodlight 1 house 60 yes 300 switch yard no 0<br />
5.32 bulkhead 1 house 0 yes 60 pir porch no 1<br />
5.32 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 150 pir yard no 0<br />
5.32 floodlight 1 garage 90 no 500 switch garden no 0<br />
5.33<br />
5.34 heritage 5 house 90 no 60 pir garden no 5<br />
5.35 flood 1 house 90 yes 500 pir garden no 0<br />
5.36 eyelid 1 building 90 no 42w fl sw yard no 0<br />
5.37<br />
12.00<br />
12.01 heritage 1 porch 90 no 8 switch door no 1<br />
12.01 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
12.01 solar 8 garden 90 no 3 battery path no 8<br />
12.02 bulkhead 1 porch 0 no 60 switch door yes 1<br />
12.02 floodlight 4 house 45 yes 70 switch path no 0<br />
12.02 floodlight 1 house disconnected 1<br />
12.02 bulkhead 1 garage 90 no 60 pir access no 1<br />
12.03 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
12.03 heritage 2 house 90 no 8 switch door no 2<br />
12.03 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
12.03 floodlight 1 garage 45 yes 70 pecu lane no 0<br />
12.03 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 150 pir lane no 0<br />
12.03.2 under construction<br />
12.03.3 poor access - not surveyed<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 67 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
long drive - not<br />
12.04 surveyed<br />
12.05 heritage 4 rear wall 90 no 25 switch path yes 4<br />
12.05 heritage 1 house 90 no 40 switch door no 1<br />
12.06 no lights<br />
12.07 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
12.07 floodlight 1 house 20 yes 150 pir path yes 1<br />
12.08 padlocked gate - not surveyed<br />
12.09 no lights<br />
12.10.1 floodlight 1 garage 45 yes 150 pir drive no 0<br />
12.10.2 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 8 switch door no 1<br />
12.10.3 floodlight 2 house 90 yes 300 pir yard no 0<br />
12.10.3 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
12.10.3 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
12.11 wallwash 1 house 0 yes switch signlight yes 1<br />
12.11 contemporary 1 house 90 no 60 switch door part 1<br />
12.12 floodlight 5 post 80 yes 150 switch menage no 0<br />
12.12 sphere 2 post 90 no 8 switch path no 2<br />
12.12 heritage 3 house 90 no 8 switch door no 3<br />
12.12 floodlight 3 stable 45 yes 70 switch yard no 0<br />
12.14 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
12.14 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
12.14 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 300 pir security no 0<br />
12.15 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
12.15 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir yard no 0<br />
12.15 floodlight 1 barn 45 yes 300 pir yard no 0<br />
12.17 bulkhead 1 house 0 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
12.17 wellglass 3 house 90 no 11 switch path no 3<br />
12.18 heritage 2 house 90 no 60 switch path no 2<br />
12.19 heritage 3 pole 90 no 60 switch garden no 3<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 68 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
12.20 heritage 4 house 90 no 60 switch door no 4<br />
12.20 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 switch rear yard no 0<br />
12.23 padlocked gate - not surveyed<br />
12.24 heritage 3 house 90 no 60 switch access no 3<br />
12.24 floodlight 3 house 45 yes 300 pir yard no 0<br />
12.25 privacy request - not surveyed<br />
12.26 floodlight 1 post 45 yes 70 switch architecture part 1<br />
12.26 floodlight 2 eaves 45 no 36 switch car park no 0<br />
12.26 floodlight 1 post 45 yes 70 switch car park no 0<br />
12.26 floodlight 1 post 50 yes 300 pir car park no 0<br />
12.27 floodlight 5 house 0 yes 150 pir path yes 5<br />
12.27 heritage 1 porch 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
12.27 plaza 2 stable 90 no 70 switch yard no 0<br />
12.27 heritage 2 outhouse 90 no 60 switch access no 2<br />
12.27 floodlight 1 stable 45 yes 11 switch yard no 1<br />
12.28 floodlight 1 garage 45 yes 150 pir drive no 0<br />
12.28 heritage 1 porch 90 no 20 switch access no 1<br />
12.28 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 switch garden no 0<br />
12.29 heritage 1 porch 90 no 20 switch door no 1<br />
12.30 heritage 1 porch 90 no 20 switch door no 1<br />
12.30 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir lane part 1<br />
12.31 heritage 1 house 90 no 8 switch door no 1<br />
12.32 no lights<br />
12.33 no lights<br />
12.34 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
12.35<br />
long drive - not<br />
surveyed<br />
12.36 no lights<br />
12.37 no lights<br />
12.38 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 69 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
12.39 downlight 3 canopy 0 no 11 pir door yes 3<br />
12.39 floodlight 3 disconnected recently - source of annoyance to neighbours 3<br />
12.40 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
12.40 floodlight 1 house 70 yes 70 switch drive no 0<br />
12.40 floodlight 1 shed 300 yes 300 pir drive no 0<br />
12.40 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
12.41 heritage 1 porch 90 no 20 switch door no 1<br />
12.41 floodlight 1 porch 80 yes 300 switch access no 0<br />
12.43<br />
12.46 heritage 1 pole 90 no 60 switch yard no 1<br />
wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
12.47 poor access - not surveyed<br />
12.48 poor access - not surveyed<br />
12.49 heritage 4 house 90 no 40 switch patio no 4<br />
12.49 heritage 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2<br />
12.49 floodlight 1 house 10 yes 300 pir drive no 0<br />
12.49 heritage 2 gatepost 90 no 40 switch access no 2<br />
12.49 floodlight 1 garage 45 yes 150 pir access no 0<br />
12.50<br />
12.50<br />
12.51 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
12.51 floodlight 1 post 90 yes 150 pir access no 0<br />
12.52 survey request refused<br />
15.00<br />
15.01 wellglass 2 house 90 no 60 switch door no 2<br />
15.01 floodlight 1 barn disconnected 1<br />
15.01 wellglass 1 barn disconnected 1<br />
15.02 bad access - not surveyed<br />
15.03 wellglass 2 house 90 no 60 switch path no 2<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 70 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
15.03 floodlight 1 sheds 45 yes 150 pir yard no 0<br />
15.03 floodlight 1 barn 45 yes 150 pir yard no 0<br />
16.00<br />
16.01 wellglass 1 porch 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
16.01 floodlight 1 disconnected 1<br />
16.02 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
16.02 floodlight 1 house 90 yes 150 pir gate no 0<br />
16.02 solar 2 house 90 no 3 battery door no 2<br />
16.03 wellglass 2 house 90 no 60 pir access no 2<br />
16.04 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 120 pir door no 0<br />
16.04 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 2D 18 switch path no 1<br />
16.04 spotlight 2 house 80 yes par 150 pir path no 0<br />
16.05 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 70 pecu courtyard part 1<br />
16.05 floodlight 1 link 45 disconnected 1<br />
16.05 wellglass 1 office 90 no 60 switch courtyard part 1<br />
16.05 bulkhead 2 porch 90 no 2D 18 switch door no 0<br />
16.06 heritage 3 house 90 no 8 switch door no 3<br />
16.06 heritage 1 gatepost 90 no 40 pir entry no 1<br />
16.06 heritage 1 garage 90 no 8 switch access no 1<br />
16.06 heritage 1 porch 90 no 8 pir door no 1<br />
16.06 solar 4 garden 90 no 3 battery garden yes 4<br />
halogen floodlights on pir total = 83 or 15% of domestic survey<br />
555 Critical Buffer domestic survey total Total Compliant 402<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 71 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5.4 Domestic - Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> Audit in "Control" Village<br />
Table 5.4 Total Number of lighting units = 69 Total Compliant = 55 = 80%<br />
Ref Type of fitting Qty. Building Type Elevation<br />
No.<br />
Angle<br />
Adaptable Wattage Duty<br />
Cycle<br />
Application<br />
Fully<br />
Shielded<br />
Qty.<br />
Compliant<br />
17.00 Section 17 Rural control village in park remote from core zone activity - no street lighting system<br />
17.01 floodlight 2 house 45 yes 150 switch yard no 0<br />
17.01 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
17.01 heritage 4 gateway 90 no 60 switch entry no 4<br />
17.02 wellglass 1 porch 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
17.03 no lights<br />
17.04 floodlight 1 barn 45 yes 300 switch yard no 0<br />
17.04 floodlight 1 pole 45 yes 300 switch yard no 0<br />
17.05 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 500 pir drive no 0<br />
17.05 heritage 1 house 90 no 13 pir path no 1<br />
17.06 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 500 pir drive no 0<br />
17.07 not surveyed<br />
17.08 heritage 2 house 90 no 60 pir door no 2<br />
17.08 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 500 pir yard no 0<br />
17.08 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 150 pir yard no 0<br />
17.09 floodlight 1 garage 0 no 150 pir drive yes 1<br />
17.09 heritage 2 house 90 no 8 switch door no 2<br />
17.09 floodlight 1 house 0 no 150 switch drive yes 1<br />
17.10 contemporary 3 house 90 no 2x35 switch access no 3<br />
17.11 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch access no 1<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 72 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
17.12 heritage 4 ground 90 no 8 switch drive no 4<br />
17.12 heritage 1 porch 90 no 60 switch door part 1<br />
17.12 heritage 1 side 90 no 60 switch drive no 1<br />
17.12 heritage 3 rear 90 no 8 switch path no 3<br />
17.13 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
17.13 bulkhead 1 porch 0 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
17.14 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
17.14 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 150 pir yard no 0<br />
17.15 heritage 2 house 90 no 8 switch door no 2<br />
17.15 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
17.15 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 300 pir drive no 0<br />
17.16 bulkhead 1 eaves 0 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
17.17 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
17.17 floodlight 1 garage 45 yes 150 pir access no 0<br />
17.18 heritage 1 porch 90 no 8 switch door no 1<br />
17.18 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
17.19 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
17.19 bulkhead 1 house 90 no 60 switch access no 1<br />
17.20 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
17.21 wellglass 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
17.22 heritage 2 house 90 no 8 switch path no 2<br />
17.23 bulkhead 2 house 90 no 60 switch path no 2<br />
17.24 bulkhead 3 eaves 0 no 60 switch access yes 3<br />
17.25 bulkhead 2 eaves 0 no 60 switch access no 2<br />
17.26 bulkhead 1 porch 0 no 60 switch door no 1<br />
17.26 heritage 1 house 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
17.27 floodlight 1 house 45 yes 150 pir access no 0<br />
17.28 wellglass 2 house 90 no 8 switch path no 2<br />
17.28 floodlight 2 house 70 yes 300 switch drive no 0<br />
17.29 heritage 2 house 90 no 8 switch access no 2<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 73 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5.5 Commercial - Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> Audit<br />
Table 5.5 Total Number of lighting units = 288 Total Compliant = 148 = 51%<br />
Ref Type of fitting Qty. Building Type Elevation<br />
No.<br />
Angle<br />
Adaptable Wattage Duty<br />
Cycle<br />
Application<br />
Fully<br />
Shielded<br />
Qty.<br />
Compliant<br />
COMMERCIAL PROPERTIES IN CRITICAL BUFFER ZONE<br />
2.08 bulkhead 2 pillar 90 no 60 switch gateway no 2<br />
2.08 square bulkhead 9 centre 90 no 13 switch foot no 9<br />
2.08 long bulkhead 7 centre 90 no 8 switch foot no 7<br />
2.08 bulkhead 3 canopy 0 no 13 switch foot no 3<br />
2.08 bulkhead 5 canopy 0 no 8 switch foot yes 5<br />
8.11 eyelid bulkhead 8 information 90 no pecu path no 0<br />
8.11 bulkhead 2 porch 90 no 8 pecu exit no 2<br />
8.11 contemporary 2 information 90 no no 0<br />
8.11 downlight 2 porch 20 yes door yes 2<br />
8.11 bollard 17 link yard 90 no yard part 17<br />
8.11 downlight 6 shelter 0 yes 5 pecu path yes 6<br />
8.11 eyelid bulkhead 15 L shape 90 no pecu path no 0<br />
8.11 downlight 2 porch 0 yes 5 pecu door yes 2<br />
8.11 downlight 5 canopy 0 no pecu tables yes 5<br />
8.11 bollard 6 path 90 no pecu approach no 0<br />
8.11 bi-symmetric 9 poles 90 yes 150 24h car park no 0<br />
8.13 post top 23 pole 0 no 55 road no 0<br />
8.13 refractor 11 pole 0 no 55 roof top no 0<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 74 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
8.13 floodlight 6 workshops 50 yes 400 3x24h yard no 0<br />
8.07 downlight 2 porch 0 no 10 24h door yes 2<br />
8.07 bulkhead 6 inn 90 no 8 switch assembly no 6<br />
8.07 floodlight 6 inn 45 yes 70 switch wallwash part 3<br />
8.07 floodlight 2 inn 0 yes 70 switch wallwash yes 2<br />
8.07 floodlight 2 inn 90 yes 300 pir security no 0<br />
8.07 floodlight 4 ground 90 yes 70 switch wallwash no 0<br />
8.07 floodlight 2 extension 70 yes 1,500 switch pattio no 0<br />
8.07 heritage 2 gatepost 90 no 8 switch feature no 2<br />
8.07 floodlight 3 pole 70 yes 70 switch car park no 0<br />
8.07 floodlight 2 ground 100 yes 150 switch sign no 0<br />
12.42 bulkhead 1 pub 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
12.42 floodlight 5 pub 0 yes 70 switch wallwash no 0<br />
12.42 floodlight 1 pub 90 yes 500 switch source of glare to road 0<br />
12.42 floodlight 1 toilet 50 yes 500 switch lane no 0<br />
12.42 floodlight 1 toilet 100 yes 150 switch sign no 0<br />
12.13 heritage 33 wall top 90 no 8 pecu decoration no 33<br />
12.13 heritage 6 post 90 no 11 pecu garden yes 6<br />
12.13 bulkhead 2 outhouse 90 no 60 switch path no 2<br />
12.13 sphere 2 gatepost 90 no 8 switch gate no 2<br />
12.13 floodlight 4 wall 90 yes 250 pecu architecture yes 4<br />
12.13 floodlight 4 pole 45 yes 150 switch menage no 0<br />
12.16 bulkhead 2 toilet 90 no pecu access no 2<br />
12.16 bulkhead 4 canopy 0 no 28 switch path yes 4<br />
12.16 bulkhead 3 centre 90 no 8 switch path no 3<br />
12.16 spotlight 4 centre 45 yes 150 pir path no 0<br />
12.16 wellglass 1 centre 90 no 60 switch path no 1<br />
12.16 downlight 5 centre 5 no 6 switch path no 5<br />
12.16 bollard 3 post 90 no switch path no 0<br />
12.21 heritage 6 post 90 no 60 switch path no 6<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 75 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
12.21 bulkhead 1 tickets 90 no 8 switch path no 1<br />
12.21 heritage 3 wall bracket 90 no 20 switch path no 3<br />
12.21 bulkhead 1 coffee shop 90 no 2D 18 pecu path no 0<br />
12.21 plaza 2 coffee shop 90 no 70 pecu path no 0<br />
12.21 bulkhead 17 eaves 0 no 2D 18 pecu flat doors no 0<br />
12.21 floodlight 1 flats 45 yes 300 pir ramp no 0<br />
12.21 plaza 1 flats 90 no 70 pecu path no 0<br />
12.21 floodlight 3 house 90 yes 300 pir path no 0<br />
12.22 lit - but never used according to owner 0<br />
12.53 all night lighting a source of annoyance to residents - needs advance warning of survey 0<br />
288<br />
Commercial total<br />
surveyed Commercial Compliant 148<br />
Commercial property compliant 51%<br />
5.6 Summary Totals for all Exterior "Non Public" <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Preceeding<br />
Sections<br />
Area<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong><br />
units<br />
IDA<br />
Compliant<br />
Percentage<br />
Compliant<br />
5.1 Core Zone 112 75 67% 20%<br />
Non-compliant on<br />
presence detection<br />
sensor<br />
5.2 Critical Buffer<br />
Domestic<br />
5.3 Control Village<br />
Domestic<br />
5.4 Critical Buffer<br />
Commercial<br />
555 402 72% 15%<br />
69 55 80%<br />
228 149 51%<br />
Survey Total 964 681 70%<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 76 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5.7 Public <strong>Lighting</strong> Audit<br />
Table 5.7 Listing of all towns and villages with more than 3 street lighting<br />
units<br />
Village / Town < 5 miles from<br />
Core Miles total<br />
Flat<br />
Glass<br />
Low<br />
profile<br />
Trecastle 2.50 Powys 22 19 3<br />
Crai 1.00 Powys 7 0 0<br />
Sennybridge 3.50 Powys 77 70 0<br />
Defynnog 3.00 Powys 32 0 0<br />
Heop Senn 0.50 Powys 4 0 0<br />
Libanus 1.00 Powys 14 0 0<br />
Llanspyddid 2.00 Powys 18 10 3<br />
Brecon 2.00 Powys 976 227 0<br />
Llanfrynach 1.00 Powys 23 0 23<br />
Groesffordd 2.50 Powys 15 4 0<br />
Pencelli 1.00 Powys 4 1 0<br />
Pennorth 1.50 Powys 4 4 0<br />
Llangors 3.50 Powys 36 2 3<br />
Talybont on Usk 1.00 Powys 56 1 30<br />
Bwlch 3.00 Powys 27 26 1<br />
Llangynidr 1.50 Powys 72 2 28<br />
Pontsticill 0.25 Merthyr 48 0 0<br />
Llwyn-onn Village 0.25 Merthyr 4 0 0<br />
Penderyn 0.50 Rhondda 125 0 0<br />
Ystradfellte 0.50 Powys 6 2 0<br />
Pen-y-cae 0.25 Powys 11 9 2<br />
Glyntawe 0.25 Powys 12 0 0<br />
Twynmynydd 1.00 Carmarthenshire 5 0 0<br />
Dre-fach 1.00 Carmarthenshire 5 0 0<br />
Trapp 1.50 Carmarthenshire 13 0 0<br />
Chapel Gwynfe 1.50 Carmarthenshire 6 0 0<br />
Twynillanan 1.50 Carmarthenshire 5 0 0<br />
Llanddeusant 0.75 Carmarthenshire 1 0 0<br />
Myddfai 1.00 Carmarthenshire 11 0 0<br />
Village / Town > 5 miles from Core 0<br />
Trefecca 6.00 Powys 8 0 0<br />
Talgarth 7.00 Powys 151 13 0<br />
Felindre 10.00 Powys 18 0 0<br />
Llanigon 13.00 Powys 31 3 0<br />
Hay on Wye 14.00 Powys 191 50 10<br />
Cwmdu 6.00 Powys 34 24 0<br />
Tretower 6.00 Powys 15 10 0<br />
Crickhowell 6.00 Powys 287 40 3<br />
Llangattock 6.00 Powys 100 7 0<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 77 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Llangenny 7.00 Powys 5 0 0<br />
Glangrwyney 7.00 Powys 37 1 24<br />
Gilwern 8.00 Monmouthshire 279 12 23<br />
Llanelly Hill 5.50 Monmouthshire 67 0 0<br />
Clydach 7.00 Monmouthshire 48 0 0<br />
Govilon 9.00 Monmouthshire 50 20 0<br />
A465 - Highways Agency 319 314 0<br />
TOTALS 3279 871 153<br />
27% Flat Glass lantern<br />
1,024 31%<br />
Flat glass or low<br />
profile<br />
The analysis above reflects the current situation which is the result of appreciation of the<br />
light pollution issues by several Local Authorities within Brecon Beacons National Park over<br />
a period of several years.<br />
To improve matters still further we will continue to work with the local Councils to encourage<br />
the continuance of as many lighting improvements as possible within their budget<br />
constraints.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 78 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5.8 Luminaire Profiles<br />
Common to the town of Brecon<br />
with typical intensity distribution of light emerging near the horizontal axis<br />
Typical 35 or 55w SOX<br />
Refractor bowl<br />
35w luminaire elevated 5 0<br />
I max Cd/klm<br />
Above 95 43<br />
Above 90 62<br />
90 0 62<br />
80 0 115<br />
70 0 163<br />
Typical 70w / 100w SON –<br />
Polycarbonate Bowl<br />
Refractor Bowl<br />
55w luminaire elevated 5 0<br />
I max Cd/klm<br />
Above 95 30<br />
Above 90 70<br />
90 0 70<br />
80 0 294<br />
70 0 304<br />
luminaire elevated 10 0<br />
I max Cd/kl<br />
m<br />
Above 95 3<br />
Above 90 13<br />
90 0 13<br />
80 0 58<br />
70 0 219<br />
Typical 50w/70w SON – luminaire elevated 0 0<br />
I max Cd/klm<br />
Low profile = G3 @ 0 0 Above 95 3<br />
Above 90 7<br />
90 0 7<br />
80 0 88<br />
70 0 291<br />
Typical<br />
luminaire elevated 0 0<br />
I max Cd/kl<br />
Flat Glass retrofit for all of<br />
m<br />
above<br />
Above 95 0<br />
24 / 32 LED =G6 @ 0 Above 90 0<br />
0 90 0 0<br />
80 0 85<br />
70 0 771<br />
<br />
<br />
Stela<br />
Typical Curved LED<br />
On test in some streets<br />
Preferred mounting<br />
luminaire elevated 0 0<br />
I max Cd/klm<br />
Above 95 4<br />
Above 90 4<br />
90 0 4<br />
80 0 8<br />
70 0 783<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 79 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
“Public” <strong>Lighting</strong> Inventory<br />
Luminaire Profiles<br />
with typical intensity distribution of light emerging near the horizontal axis<br />
Sugg Windsor = G2<br />
Mix of 50w and 70w SON<br />
I max Cd/klm<br />
Above 95 0<br />
Above 90 25<br />
90 0 25<br />
80 0 44<br />
70 0 316<br />
Clear Pear Drop Glass<br />
I max Cd/klm<br />
Above 95<br />
Above 90<br />
90 0<br />
80 0<br />
70 0 Aldi Car Park<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Fully Cut-off and<br />
rear shielded<br />
where adjacent<br />
to houses<br />
<br />
<br />
P567<br />
Typical 100w SON –<br />
Flat Glass<br />
luminaire elevated 5 0<br />
I max Cd/klm<br />
Above 95 0<br />
Above 90 0.7<br />
90 0 0.7<br />
80 0 49<br />
70 0 323<br />
<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 80 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5.9 “Public” <strong>Lighting</strong> Inventory - Detail Synopsis<br />
Lamp wattage distribution for Brecon<br />
Town / Village Name<br />
: Brecon<br />
Location (relative to Core) : North<br />
Distance from Core Zone<br />
: 2 miles<br />
Population :<br />
Local Authority Street <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Lamp Type Watts Quantity Duty Cycle Bowl Type I 90<br />
LED 18# 50 Part night curve<br />
LED 18# 26 dusk-dawn curve<br />
LED 24# 20 part night flat glass 0<br />
LED 24# 12 dusk-dawn flat glass 0<br />
SON 50 24 part night shallow<br />
SON 50 12 dusk-dawn shallow<br />
SON 70 193 part night mixed<br />
SON 70 148 dusk-dawn mixed<br />
SON 100 58 part night mixed mainly 0<br />
SON 100 72 dusk-dawn mixed mainly 0<br />
SON 150 49 part night flat glass 0<br />
SON 150 72 dusk-dawn flat glass 0<br />
SON 250 17 part night flat glass<br />
SON 250 39 dusk-dawn flat glass<br />
SOX 55 126 part night refractor<br />
SOX 55 69 dusk-dawn refractor<br />
SOX 90 11 dusk-dawn refractor<br />
mixed mixed 424 Switched off – non operational<br />
Other Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> in Brecon (eg sports, school, community)<br />
Location : Parc de Pugh playing fields -<br />
Application # 08/01880/FUL<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp/Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
Fully Cut-off<br />
Floodlights<br />
0 MBI 2Kw<br />
8x14m<br />
9.00 pm<br />
curfew<br />
Sports Field<br />
1 and 2<br />
yes<br />
Bi-symmetric<br />
Floodlights<br />
masts<br />
70-90 MBI 2Kw<br />
3x12m<br />
masts<br />
Training<br />
Field 3<br />
Location : Christ College - Application # P18275 - 2002<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp/Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
Fully Cut-off<br />
Sill<br />
<strong>Plan</strong>strahler<br />
0 MBI 2Kw<br />
12m mast<br />
All Weather<br />
sports pitch<br />
378 lux<br />
No - for<br />
reason see<br />
below<br />
Location : Dering Lines Military Camp - Prohibited access - no data available<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp / Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
floodlights security no<br />
Street lights LPS no<br />
no<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 81 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Location : Dering Lines - Prohibited access - Application #07/00733/FUL<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp / Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
Seimens/Siteco<br />
(Christie Ltg.)<br />
55 to 69<br />
degrees<br />
2Kw<br />
8x15m masts<br />
350 lux<br />
sports pitch<br />
no<br />
Location : Leisure Centre - Penlan Sports Track Application # K10912- 1989<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp/Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
Bi-Symetric 50-60 Athletics<br />
Track<br />
no<br />
Location : Leisure Centre - Application # P188200 - 2000<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp/Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
Circular 50-60 1.5Kw 9.30pm Sports Pitch no<br />
Symmetric<br />
(MUSCO)<br />
8x15m<br />
masts<br />
curfew<br />
Original planning application using flat glass option by Philips not used - Exposed<br />
location at the top of a hill<br />
Location : Brecon Football Club Application #<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp / Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
Bi-Symmetric 55 to 65<br />
degrees<br />
2x2Kw<br />
8x12m masts<br />
football<br />
pitch<br />
no<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 82 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
5.10 Other Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> in remainder of National Park (eg sports, school,<br />
community)<br />
Town / Village Name<br />
: Hay on Wye<br />
Location (relative to Core) : North East<br />
Distance from Core Zone<br />
: 14 miles<br />
:<br />
Location : Pharos Sports Field<br />
Application # 07/00728/FUL<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp / Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
Fully Cut-off<br />
Abacus<br />
AL5760<br />
65+ MBI 2Kw<br />
6x15m masts<br />
22.00 hours<br />
curfew<br />
Sports Field Not to<br />
surrounding<br />
houses<br />
Town / Village Name<br />
: Talgarth<br />
Location (relative to Core) : North East<br />
Distance from Core Zone<br />
: 7 miles<br />
:<br />
Location : Trefechan Playing Fields Application # P17217 - 2000<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp / Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
Fully Cut-off<br />
Abacus<br />
AL5760<br />
0 MBI 2Kw<br />
8xm masts<br />
3 per mast<br />
Rugby Club yes<br />
Town / Village Name<br />
: Crickhowell<br />
Location (relative to Core) : South East<br />
Distance from Core Zone<br />
: 6 miles<br />
:<br />
Location : Beaufort Street Application # P17821 - 2001<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp / Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
Shoe Box<br />
(RLS)<br />
Tennis<br />
Court<br />
5 MBI 2Kw<br />
9x6.7m (27ft.)<br />
column<br />
No<br />
but partshielded<br />
from core<br />
Town / Village Name<br />
: Pontsticill<br />
Location (relative to Core) : South<br />
Distance from Core Zone<br />
: 0.25 miles<br />
:<br />
Location : Water Treatment Works Application #<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp / Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
Street lights<br />
&<br />
Floodlights<br />
Various Mixed Probably<br />
Dusk /<br />
Dawn<br />
yard No<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 83 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Town / Village Name<br />
: Llandeilo<br />
Location (relative to Core) : West<br />
Distance from Core Zone<br />
: 3 miles<br />
:<br />
Location : Bethlehem Road<br />
Application # 06/00192/FUL<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp / Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
Musco MBI 1.5Kw School <br />
6x18m masts<br />
playing<br />
Field<br />
Musco design on application but not the same floodlights as Brecon<br />
look horizontal fully cut-off in Google Earth - like Abacus<br />
Town / Village Name<br />
: Sennybridge<br />
Location (relative to Core) : North<br />
Distance from Core Zone<br />
: 3.5 miles<br />
:<br />
Location : Military Camp - Prohibited access - no data available<br />
Fixture Elevation Lamp / Watts Duty Cycle Application Compliance<br />
floodlights security no<br />
Street lights LPS no<br />
Duty Cycle Options:- Dusk/Dawn<br />
Half Night = Midnight or 1am Off<br />
Part Night = On for Evening and Morning, Off between<br />
Dimmed = On for Evening and Morning, Dimmed between<br />
Presence Detection<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 84 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
6 Summary of <strong>Plan</strong> Statements<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 1<br />
Within the Core Zone boundary it is propose to maintain a policy of no<br />
additional permanent illumination installations.<br />
(see Section 2.1)<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 2<br />
Residents in the Core Zone are to be encouraged to limit the overspill light at<br />
their property boundary, or within 10 meters of the main residence, to no more<br />
than 0.05 lux and all existing lighting units to be replaced, through time, by<br />
“fully cut-off” examples regardless of the lumen output.<br />
Note: This is a more stringent condition than the IDA requirement but has been<br />
adopted by the Brecon Beacons National Park as an aspirational target.<br />
(see Section 2.1)<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 3<br />
The Authority will encourage that no lighting will be allowed to be projected<br />
from the adjacent light permitted buffer zones into the Core Zone and any<br />
overspill lighting from lights in the Critical Buffer Zone to be no greater than<br />
0.05 lux (horizontal) at ground level or 0.05 lux vertical at 1 metre (or higher)<br />
above ground on the Core Zone side of the property boundary.<br />
(see Section 2.3.1)<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 4<br />
Luminaires in the Critical Buffer Zones using lamps greater than 1000 lumens<br />
will be recommended to be installed as a Fully Cut-Off (IDA term “fully<br />
shielded”).<br />
(see Section 2.3.1)<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 5<br />
Residents of Brecon Beacons National Park are to be encouraged to limit the<br />
overspill light at their property boundary to no more than 0.1 lux.<br />
(Residents within the Core Zone have stricter recommendations see Statement 2)<br />
(see Section 2.3.1)<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 85 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 6<br />
In Environmental Zone terms the residents round the Core Zone live with and<br />
enjoy intrinsic darkness equivalent to Environmental Zone E1. Towns within<br />
the Brecon Beacons boundary with a population greater than 900 may relax<br />
the conditions of this Environmental Zone in the town centre where buildings<br />
provide natural screening but not in exposed locations.<br />
(see Section 2.3.2)<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 7<br />
All new lighting within the Brecon Beacons will be encouraged to be designed<br />
and installed to provide lower glare or intensity values, where possible, than<br />
that recommended by the Institute of <strong>Lighting</strong> Professionals (LP) for night time<br />
Environmental Zones.<br />
(see Section 2.3.3)<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 8<br />
All design submissions for new lighting in the Brecon Beacons should show<br />
evidence of compliance with the zero candela intensity at 90 0 and above and<br />
encourage domestic luminaires to be selected from units having some form of<br />
upward light control.<br />
(see Section 2.3.3)<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 9<br />
Through the <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> it will be possible for the Authority to<br />
provide a basis for discussion with its neighbours on various options to help<br />
reduce upward light transmission.<br />
(see Section 2.4)<br />
<strong>Plan</strong> Statement Number 10<br />
All residential and business occupiers in the Brecon Beacons will be<br />
encouraged to switch off or reduce their exterior lighting quantity at 22.00<br />
hours.<br />
(see Section 3.0)<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 86 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> – Appendicies A-F<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 85 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Appendix A – Definitions<br />
Unit/Term<br />
lumen<br />
candela<br />
illuminance<br />
luminance<br />
A unit of light (luminous flux) emitted from a point source of one<br />
candela intensity, sometimes expressed in kilolumens - (klm)<br />
A unit of luminous intensity<br />
The quantity of luminous flux incident upon a unit area,<br />
expressed as lumens per square metre or lux<br />
The luminous intensity (or brightness) of a surface or source<br />
expressed in terms of surface area i.e. candelas per square metre (cd/m 2 )<br />
To convert dark sky ‘brightness’ to luminance<br />
Use the formula:<br />
[value in cd/m 2 ] = 10.8×10 4 (-0.4*[value in mag/arcsec2])<br />
× 10<br />
reflectance<br />
The reflection factor (or index) of a surface or material<br />
inter-reflection The result of various reflections<br />
efficacy<br />
wattage<br />
luminaire<br />
projector<br />
skylight<br />
moonlight<br />
sky glow<br />
aura<br />
In lighting terms - the value of light obtained per unit of electrical<br />
energy input i.e. lumens per watt<br />
The nominal load rating of a lamp (excludes any allowances for associated<br />
operating gear losses usually taken as averaging10% of the nominal wattage<br />
value(lower for electronic control gear))<br />
The total package of lantern, lamp and all associated integral<br />
items of operating control and switch gear<br />
A special luminaire designed to provide a concentrated pattern<br />
of light<br />
The variable brightness value of daytime sky caused by sunlight<br />
scattered by particles of dust and vapour in the earth’s atmosphere<br />
(skylight can reach values in excess of 2,000 candelas per square metre)<br />
The luminous flux emitted by the moon received at the earth’s surface at an<br />
average value of between 0.3 and 0.5 lux (a rural surface under moonlight<br />
conditions will have an average brightness of about 0.002 candelas per<br />
square metre i.e. 1/500 cd/m 2 )<br />
The variable brightness value of night-time sky caused by upward<br />
components of light from direct and inter-reflected light off the earth’s surface<br />
(the brightness of sky glow is dependent on the amount of upward light and<br />
the presence and density of atmospheric particles and their distance above<br />
ground level)<br />
The hemisphere of light rising up from ground level encircling a light source<br />
or lighting array caused by low level mist and fog particles<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 86 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Disability glare This is glare from a lamp or luminaire which prevents a visual task from being<br />
carried out by obscuring ones vision. It is sometimes associated with visual<br />
pain.<br />
Cartesian diagram<br />
IES, TM14, & Elumdat<br />
Are different electronic formats of luminaire intensity distribution. They are<br />
not a meaningful representation in hard copy printed format, like a Cartesian<br />
or polar diagram, however, as numeric data input for a computer algorithm<br />
they represent a 3-dimentional array. Some computer algorithms recognise<br />
all three different formats whilst other algorithms only recognise one format.<br />
Light intrusion Is light entering or illuminating windows beyond the intended area requiring<br />
illumination. Sometimes referred to incorrectly as ‘light trespass’ since the<br />
word ‘trespass’ has different legal implications in the UK.<br />
Average luminance<br />
Or average illuminance<br />
Are all based on a maintained average which means the lowest average<br />
value to which the installation will fall before lamp replacing and luminaire<br />
cleaning takes place as part of a maintenance regime cycle.<br />
Colour appearance<br />
The colour appearance of a light source can be defined objectively in terms<br />
of the temperature, in degrees Kelvin, to which a thermal radiator (e.g. a<br />
black body) would have to be heated to have the same colour appearance as<br />
that of the light source being assessed. A GLS filament lamp (light bulb) has<br />
a colour temperature of c.2700° Kelvin (usually written as 2700K).<br />
The “Correlated Colour Temperature” (CCT) ** provides guidance of the<br />
colour appearance of lamps whether or not their chromaticity point<br />
(from the x & y values) is on the black body locus.<br />
The CIE categories of “Warm”, “Intermediate” and “Cold” relate to CCTs as follows:<br />
Below 3300K - WARM<br />
3300K to 5300K - INTERMEDIATE<br />
Above 5300K - COLD<br />
**<br />
BS 5489 and BSEN 12665:2002 use the abbreviation of Tcp to replace CCT<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 87 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Light source Spectral Power and Colour Temperature Analysis<br />
Low pressure sodium (SOX)<br />
Colour Temperature CCT = 1800K<br />
Colour rendering index Ra = minus 40<br />
No radiation below 500nm<br />
nm = wavelength in nanometers<br />
High pressure mercury with fluorescent<br />
coating to convert UV radiation into<br />
visible light. (MBF/U)<br />
CCT = 3300K, Ra = 52 (Comfort<br />
version)<br />
More than 50% radiation below 500nm<br />
Some MBF/U still exists in some<br />
National Parks<br />
High pressure sodium (SON/T plus)<br />
CCT = 2000 0 K, Ra = 22 to 25<br />
25% radiation below 500nm<br />
but no radiation in UV range<br />
“White SON” CCT = 2500K, Ra = 83<br />
Metal halide warm white<br />
CCT= 3300K, Ra = 52<br />
Less than 25% radiation below 500nm<br />
Metal halide cool white<br />
CCT= 4000K, Ra = 65<br />
About 50% radiation below 500nm<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 88 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
CDM-T warm white CCT = 3000K, Ra = 85<br />
About 30% radiation below 500nm<br />
CDM-T cool white CCT = 4200K, Ra =<br />
96<br />
About 50% radiation below 500nm<br />
Low pressure mercury (compact<br />
fluorescent) (CFL)<br />
Wide range of colour effects in triphosphor<br />
- Warm white, cool white, north<br />
light and many others<br />
LED<br />
Provisional display of early spectral<br />
power measurements<br />
300 500 800<br />
About 25% radiation below 500nm.<br />
3 colour temperatures available<br />
3200K, 4500K and 6000K<br />
(avoid using 6,000K in residential area)<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 89 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Appendix B – <strong>Sky</strong> Brightness Nomogram (by kind permission of Heck Spoelstra)<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 90 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
APPENDIX C<br />
Luminaire Profile Examples for Environmental Zone E1<br />
with typical intensity distribution of light emerging near the horizontal axis<br />
post top (as illustration) is<br />
elevated 10 0 and noncompliant<br />
for E1@ 90 0 and<br />
above<br />
Requires side entry bracket<br />
with horizontal spigot for 0 0<br />
elevation<br />
G4 optic (warning also G2<br />
version)<br />
G6 and G4 optics<br />
Flat Glass<br />
Philips - Mini<br />
Iridium<br />
45w Cosmopolis<br />
also<br />
16 x Light Emitting<br />
Diodes W/White<br />
Narrow Beam<br />
At 5 0 tilt output = G5<br />
At 10 0 tilt output = G4<br />
Light Emitting Diodes<br />
Flat Glass<br />
Ruud / CU Phosco<br />
Ledway Road<br />
30 x LED’s @ 3000 0 K<br />
or<br />
50 x LED’s @ 4000 0 K<br />
Caution<br />
6000 0 K also available<br />
Light Emitting Diodes<br />
Flat Glass<br />
Urbis<br />
Remus<br />
16, 24, 32 or 48 LED’s<br />
3500 0 K or 4250 0 K<br />
Caution<br />
6000 0 K also available<br />
Light Emitting Diodes<br />
Flat Glass<br />
Urbis<br />
Piano 1<br />
16, 24, 32 or 48 LED’s<br />
3500 0 , 4250 0 or 6000 0 K<br />
luminaire elevated 0 0<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 0<br />
90 0 0<br />
80 0 10<br />
70 0 246<br />
45w = G6 compliant<br />
16 LED’s = G6 except I 90<br />
luminaire elevated 0 0<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 0<br />
90 0 0<br />
80 0 71<br />
70 0 287<br />
luminaire elevated 0 0<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 0<br />
90 0 0<br />
80 0 89<br />
70 0 447<br />
luminaire elevated 0 0<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 0<br />
90 0 0<br />
80 0 14<br />
70 0 95<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 91 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
SILL <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
453 CityLiter<br />
26w Pll and 35w CDM<br />
Thorn <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Plazora Wall Light<br />
26w TC-D fluorescent<br />
luminaire elevated 0 0<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 0<br />
90 0 0<br />
80 0 8<br />
70 0 84<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 0<br />
90 0 0<br />
80 0 8<br />
70 0 50<br />
<br />
<br />
Zumtobel Bega 2489<br />
Triangular Bulkhead<br />
18w PLC 3000 0 K<br />
Sugg <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Probe<br />
Louvered Bollard<br />
70w SON(E)<br />
(white paint on louvers<br />
reflects upward light)<br />
CU Phosco <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
P436 Black Louvered<br />
Bollard<br />
42w Compact<br />
Fluorescent<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 1<br />
Above 90 0 7<br />
90 0 7<br />
80 0 22<br />
70 0 35<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 0<br />
90 0 0<br />
80 0 7<br />
70 0 20<br />
<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 92 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Urbis Isla<br />
35watt CDM<br />
or 42watt CFL<br />
G6 optic (warning G2<br />
optic also available)<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 0<br />
90 0 0<br />
80 0 31<br />
70 0 274<br />
<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 93 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
The following examples do not fully comply with zero intensity at and above the horizontal<br />
but have been selected from many others as being the closest to “Fully Shielded” conditions<br />
and need to be located near other natural shields like buildings or trees.<br />
JW Ltd Gloucester<br />
G1/96 Philips Fortino optic<br />
45w LED unit<br />
Vertical lamps and<br />
refractors are not compliant<br />
with G6 or E1 objectives.<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 0.3<br />
90 0 0.3<br />
80 0 33<br />
70 0 93<br />
Sugg Rochester and<br />
Tunbridge<br />
50watt SON/T = G4<br />
compliant with cgp stb optic<br />
80w MBF/U = G5 compliant<br />
with cgp stb optic<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 8<br />
90 0 8<br />
80 0 78<br />
70 0 480<br />
U h = 0.0<br />
U l = 0.2 total ULOR = 2%<br />
Sugg <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Large Grosvenor<br />
50w SON/T<br />
Optic and lamp located in<br />
lantern top section to act as<br />
“fully shielded” but as in all<br />
heritage equipment the<br />
glass refracts some light<br />
upwards<br />
Urbis St. Giles<br />
50watt SON/T<br />
G3 compliant with SGS<br />
Clear P/1200/095/-38.5/<br />
911381<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 17<br />
90 0 17<br />
80 0 83<br />
70 0 206<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 10<br />
Above 90 0 7.7<br />
90 0 7.7<br />
80 0 23<br />
70 0 148<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 94 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
OrangeTEC<br />
TerraLED<br />
24, 36, 40 and 60 LED units<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 0<br />
Above 90 0 2<br />
90 0 17<br />
80 0 83<br />
70 0 206<br />
Light Emitting Diodes<br />
Concave Glass<br />
Urbis<br />
Carlo 1<br />
28 or 42 LED’s<br />
35000K<br />
luminaire elevated 0 0<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 1.3<br />
Above 90 0 1.5<br />
90 0 1.5<br />
80 0 200<br />
70 0 573<br />
DW Windsor<br />
Garda<br />
LED Hand Rail<br />
I max Cd/<br />
klm<br />
Above 95 0 4<br />
Above 90 0 10<br />
90 0 10<br />
80 0 66<br />
70 0 165<br />
Emergency Exit <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Unit<br />
Raylux 25<br />
Currently undergoing<br />
photometric tests to prove<br />
zero intensity at and above<br />
horizontal<br />
8 x LED’s and complete<br />
with wall mounting bracket<br />
Unit to be mounted pointing<br />
down for G6 compliance<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 95 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 96 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
APPENDIX D<br />
Domestic <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Equipment Profiles<br />
Through this leaflet we hope to provide you<br />
with examples of well designed equipment<br />
which you may wish to consider when<br />
purchasing new lighting units. The leaflet also<br />
contains examples of poor design relative to<br />
the exacting demands of light control within<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve of National Park.<br />
Unless otherwise noted the equipment<br />
illustrated is available from local DIY Stores.<br />
Poor – Lamp reflector and PIR detector point<br />
in same elevation and rotational direction. 300<br />
/ 500 watts Tungsten Halogen lamps provide<br />
too much light for use in rural settings.<br />
Good – (above and below) 70w or 150w metal<br />
halide lamp. Must be installed with glass<br />
window horizontal – and not as illustrated.<br />
When the lamp is located at the bottom of the<br />
reflector the main beam will emerge from the<br />
glass window at about 45 degrees. Known<br />
technically as a double asymmetric light<br />
distribution.<br />
Good – Reflector shaped to direct light down.<br />
Boxed as dark sky friendly and has PIR sensor<br />
separate from the lamp unit pointing. For rural<br />
setting look for unit with a 150 watt lamp or<br />
less. Also provides reduced illumination dusk<br />
to dawn for courtesy and full power on<br />
presence detection.<br />
Good – Can direct light in 2 directions and<br />
lamps are less than 100 watts. Limit elevation<br />
angle to less than 45 degrees. Various other<br />
similar styles with integral PIR detector on<br />
mounting. 60w capsule with dimming for<br />
courtesy or LED lamps<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 97 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
APPENDIX D<br />
The output of lamps will shortly be valued in<br />
lumens rather than watts as at present. The<br />
table below provides interim user guidance<br />
when comparing lamp watts and lumens.<br />
Very Good – (SILL 453 CityLiter) Designed to<br />
be mounted horizontally and available in a<br />
range of low wattage lamps. Luminaire has<br />
IDA <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Friendly Fixture Award.<br />
Fluorescent range + 35/70w metal halide<br />
Poor – No light<br />
control<br />
Poor – No light<br />
control<br />
Fair – Upward light<br />
limited but lamp must<br />
be less than 480 lm.<br />
Good – Porch light<br />
with downward light<br />
Lamp type & Watts<br />
Lamp<br />
Lumens<br />
(lm)<br />
Clear Bulb GLS 75w 940<br />
Candle Lamp clear 60w 660<br />
Candle Lamp opal 60w 640<br />
Superlux Krypton 75w 1,000<br />
Halogen energy saver 52w 840<br />
Halogen linear 60w 840<br />
12v Tungsten Halogen 50w 925<br />
T2 linear fluorescent 13w 940<br />
T8 linear fluorescent 15w 950<br />
Compact Fluorescent<br />
Elegance globe 15w 799<br />
Elegance candle 9w 405<br />
Elegance spiral 11w 580<br />
2D compact fluorescent 10w 650<br />
3 loop compact fluor’t 13w 900<br />
1 loop compact fluor’t 11w 900<br />
LED Opal globe 7w 230<br />
In order to protect the dark night sky over the<br />
National Park it is proposed to limit the lamp<br />
output on existing poor or no light-controlled<br />
luminaires to 480 lumens.<br />
Poor – Low wattage light source but projects<br />
light upwards when mounted as shown and<br />
needs to be near horizontal to limit sky glow.<br />
(Bracket does not allow horizontal fixing)<br />
18 watt PL-C = 1200 lm<br />
Poor – Bollard with<br />
no light control and<br />
produces glare<br />
Good – External<br />
louvers limit upward<br />
light and reduces<br />
glare. Lamp must be<br />
less than 1000 lm<br />
See <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> Section 2 for<br />
other restrictions.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 98 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
V 03 APPENDIX E – Domestic Lamp Wattage and Lumen Output<br />
Illustration Lamp Lamp Nominal Output<br />
Name Type Watts Lumens<br />
Standard, clear bulb Incandescent GLS 15W 90<br />
25W 220<br />
40W 420<br />
60W 710<br />
100W 1,330<br />
Standard, pearl frosted bulb Incandescent GLS 15W 90<br />
25W 220<br />
40W 415<br />
60W 700<br />
75W 935<br />
Candle, clear bulb Incandescent 25W 200<br />
Tungsten 40W 400<br />
60W 660<br />
Candle, opal bulb Incandescent 25W 190<br />
Tungsten 40W 390<br />
60W 640<br />
Twisted Candle, clear bulb Incandescent 15W 90<br />
Tungsten 25W 200<br />
40W 400<br />
60W 660<br />
Twisted Candle, opal bulb Incandescent 15W 90<br />
Tungsten 25W 200<br />
40W 400<br />
60W 660<br />
GE Candle Lamp (B&Q) Incandescent 18W 170<br />
Tungsten 30W 415<br />
45W 710<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 99 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
V 03 APPENDIX E – Domestic Lamp Wattage and Lumen Output<br />
Round, clear bulb Incandescent 25W 200<br />
Tungsten 40W 400<br />
60W 660<br />
Round, opal bulb Incandescent 25W 200<br />
Tungsten 40W 400<br />
60W 660<br />
Superlux Krypton mushroom, opal Incandescent 25W 240<br />
Standard Tungsten 40W 455<br />
60W 760<br />
75W 1,000<br />
Superlux Krypton mushroom, opal Incandescent 25W 160<br />
Any burning position Tungsten 40W 300<br />
60W 530<br />
Halolux halogen energy saver Incandescent 18W 170<br />
Tungsten Halogen 30W 415<br />
42W 630<br />
45W 710<br />
52W 840<br />
Haloline linear Incandescent 60W 840<br />
Tungsten Halogen 100W 1,900<br />
120W 2,250<br />
130W 2,440<br />
230W 4,650<br />
Halostar 12V Incandescent G4-10W 100<br />
G9-25 = 255 Tungsten Halogen 14W 215<br />
G9-30 = 415 20W 240<br />
G9-18 = 170 G4-25W 470<br />
G9-45 = 710<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 100 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
V 03 APPENDIX E – Domestic Lamp Wattage and Lumen Output<br />
LED Parathom clear globe Solid State 1.6W 70<br />
Light Emitting Diode 2W 100<br />
3W 165<br />
Master LED opal globe Solid State 7.5W 470<br />
Light Emitting Diode 12w 650<br />
Master LED reflector Solid State 4W 110<br />
Light Emitting Diode 7W 230<br />
Lumilux T2 tubular Discharge 6W 330<br />
Linear Fluorescent 8W 540<br />
11W 750<br />
13W 940<br />
Energy Saver - short T5 tubular Discharge 4W 130<br />
Linear Fluorescent 6W 270<br />
8W 385<br />
13W 830<br />
Lumilux T8 tubular Discharge 10W 650<br />
Linear Fluorescent 15W 950<br />
Biax Extra Mini Discharge 9W 480<br />
Compact Fluorescent 11W 600<br />
15W 900<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 101 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
V 03 APPENDIX E – Domestic Lamp Wattage and Lumen Output<br />
Elegance Globe Discharge 7W 286<br />
Compact Fluorescent 9W 405<br />
11W 610<br />
15W 830<br />
20w 1,152<br />
Elegance Candle Discharge 5W 200<br />
Compact Fluorescent 7W 286<br />
9W 405<br />
Elegance Spiral Discharge 8W 460<br />
Compact Fluorescent 12W 700<br />
15W 845<br />
20W 1,230<br />
23W 1,450<br />
2D Discharge 16/14 1,100<br />
Compact Fluorescent 21/19 1,350<br />
38/34 3,020<br />
Biax S Discharge 5W 250<br />
Compact Fluorescent 7W 400<br />
9W 600<br />
11W 900<br />
Biax S/E Discharge 5W 265<br />
Compact Fluorescent 7W 425<br />
9W 600<br />
11W 900<br />
Biax D Discharge 10W 600<br />
Compact Fluorescent 11W 610<br />
13w 900<br />
Biax T Discharge 13W 900<br />
Compact Fluorescent 15W 845<br />
18W 1,200<br />
42W 3,200<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 102 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
V03<br />
PROPERTY SELF-AUDIT<br />
APPENDIX F<br />
The Next Steps for the Improvement of the Night <strong>Sky</strong> in the BBNP<br />
Of particular interest in the lighting audit was the high percentage of security style floodlights,<br />
many of them with the glass almost vertical. The dark sky over Brecon Beacons would<br />
benefit greatly if more “security” style floodlights were tilted down, preferably horizontal. To<br />
this end, and to aid more general improvements to light fittings, the draft guidelines below<br />
will be evolved and distributed as widely as possible within the BBNP to encourage and<br />
assist residents, businesses and organisations to take part in the anti light pollution<br />
campaign.<br />
Property Self-Audit Guidelines – How to improve your external lighting for the betterment of<br />
the environment and to save money in the long term.<br />
Are you ready to help improve the excellent dark night time conditions in the National Park<br />
If so survey your property externally (all buildings and any free-standing lighting eg. on poles<br />
in exercise yards or ménage areas)<br />
Tungsten Halogen Floodlights<br />
X X <br />
Preferred Step<br />
Replace with new fitting having good light control & meeting the <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
requirements<br />
or Option 1<br />
Tilt down until glass is horizontal and thereby meeting the requirements of a “fully<br />
shielded” luminaire.<br />
Reduce lamp size if possible (500watts – 300watts or 150watts – 100watts).<br />
or Option 2<br />
Tilt down as far as fitting allows (integral sensor units sometimes limits the downward<br />
angle).<br />
Fabricate shielding from aluminium or similar material and fix securely in place.<br />
Ensure that shielding as fixed, allows no light at or above the horizontal axis.<br />
Reduce lamp size if possible.<br />
Remember:-<br />
SWITCH OFF - AFTER YOUR WORK IS FINISHED<br />
NO TASK – NO LIGHTING<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page -103-<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
V03<br />
PROPERTY SELF-AUDIT<br />
For all other fittings which are not “fully shielded” or “fully cut-off”,<br />
implement changes or upgrades as follows:-<br />
1) No or very minimal Light Control<br />
Preferred<br />
Measure the building footprint and replace with new fitting(s) having good light control,<br />
preferably “fully cut-off” like the examples on the following page and thereby meeting the<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> (LMP) requirements.<br />
Do not exceed the total lumen limit in the table below for your size of property.<br />
Total Lumens<br />
for domestic Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Core<br />
750 lm<br />
plus<br />
4.5 lm / m 2<br />
of site<br />
structures*<br />
Environmental Zone<br />
E1<br />
E2<br />
Buffer Lit streets<br />
2250 lm<br />
plus<br />
4.5 lm / m 2<br />
of site<br />
structures*<br />
750 lm<br />
plus<br />
4.5 lm / m 2<br />
of site<br />
structures*<br />
Fully cut-off luminaires<br />
each lamp lumen maximum 1000 lm 1200 lm 1650 lm<br />
Part cut off luminaires<br />
each lamp lumen maximum X 750 lm 1200 lm<br />
No light control luminaires<br />
each lamp lumen maximum X 480 lm** 750 lm<br />
Table - Total lumen limit and individual lamp lumen limit per property<br />
E3***<br />
E4***<br />
* Site structures is the sum of the land area of residential buildings, habitable structures,<br />
garages, recreational buildings and storage structures on each property plot.<br />
*** Environmental zones E3 and E4 exist but do not relate to any conditions in Brecon<br />
Beacons National Park.<br />
A full list of domestic lamp types, their wattage and their lumen outputs are shown in<br />
the previous appendix as reference data. However, lamp manufacturers are<br />
continually improving lamp efficiency and some lamp lumen outputs may change<br />
through time.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page -104-<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
V03<br />
PROPERTY SELF-AUDIT<br />
Fully cut-off example Fully cut-off example Fully cut-off example<br />
Only part shielded so limit<br />
lamp size as per table 3.1<br />
Only part shielded so limit<br />
lamp size as per table 3.1<br />
Only part shielded so limit<br />
lamp size as per table 3.1<br />
or Option 1<br />
Shield to fully comply with LMP requirements.<br />
Fabricate shielding from aluminium or similar material and fix securely in place.<br />
Ensure shielding as fixed, allows no light at or above the horizontal axis.<br />
or Option 2<br />
If high power lamp, replace lamp with one having less than 1000 lumen output (see<br />
tables in Appendix).<br />
Consider shielding as well.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page -105-<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
V03<br />
PROPERTY SELF-AUDIT<br />
2) Partly Cut-off Fittings<br />
Preferred<br />
Adjust tilt angle down to meet LMP requirements.<br />
or Option 1<br />
Tilt down if adjustable and<br />
Provide additional shielding to comply with LMP requirements.<br />
Fabricate shielding or cowl from aluminium or similar material and fix securely in<br />
place.<br />
Ensure that shielding / cowl as fixed, allows no light at or above the horizontal axis.<br />
or Option 2<br />
Replace with new fitting having improved light control & meeting LMP requirements<br />
or Option 3<br />
If high power lamp, replace lamp with one having less than 1000 lumen output (see<br />
tables in Appendix)<br />
Consider tilt reduction as well, if possible.<br />
Consider shielding as well.<br />
For all external lighting:-<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Check switching times are sensible / comply with curfew as appropriate.<br />
PIR detectors are properly aimed to avoid nuisance switching.<br />
Consider installing a push button switch with short time delay facility.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page -106-<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong> – Appendix G<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 106 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
Appendix G<br />
Draft <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Reserve<br />
<strong>Plan</strong>ning Application Guidance Note<br />
for all New or Refurbished Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> Installations<br />
This Appendix is designed to provide a common rationale when submitting planning<br />
applications containing external lighting within a Day <strong>Sky</strong> designated area. It contains a dual<br />
methodology for both the appraisal of any lighting impact caused by the application and the<br />
way the lighting design should be approached. Additionally it contains some of the expected<br />
lighting design performance indicators which will be used to gauge the submission<br />
compliance with the strict light control required as part of the <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> award scheme.<br />
The aim of this Appendix is to outline good practice in lighting design in addition to providing<br />
practical guidance on producing an impact assessment of the lighting associated with a new<br />
development. It provides the basis for the production of Authority specific format documents<br />
for use in their own business processes.<br />
Since light can stray over geographical or administrative boundaries this appendix relies on<br />
planners and engineers working in partnership, both within the <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> designated area<br />
and externally in the surrounding local authorities, to help maintain or enhance the dark sky<br />
conditions.<br />
There is a national problem from the effects of stray light creating, in some situations, a form<br />
of nuisance or obtrusion. Part of the problem emanates from the random standards of some<br />
planning applications containing external lighting proposals.<br />
For many years describing and characterising both rural and urban environments has been a<br />
function of Landscape Architecture. Originally, there was little consistency in style or scope<br />
of coverage. With the recognition that all types of development have a variety of impacts on<br />
the environment which should be identified and assessed, finding a format or methodology<br />
which provides a consistent approach to such work became essential within the UK, the EU<br />
and beyond following the introduction of EU directive 85/337/EEC, amended in 1997 by<br />
directive 97/11/EC.<br />
The scope of assessment for planning purposes now includes ecological and other elements<br />
and has moved beyond that of landscape alone. Within that area however, there is a specific<br />
requirement for assessing existing and future lighting effects. This should now form an<br />
essential element for planning applications within a designated <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> award area.<br />
Even outside the statutory requirements, planning officers should be requesting greater<br />
detail with applications, when they include external lighting proposals. The previous lack of a<br />
published lighting design & assessment methodology has resulted in planning applications,<br />
being presented in a variety of formats, sometimes with a few extracts from manufacturers’<br />
catalogues and non-location associated calculation techniques. This can create major<br />
difficulties in appraising the application both subjectively and technically.<br />
The following pages contain an assembly of extracts from 3 or 4 different publications to<br />
create a global methodology for planning applications containing the proposal to install<br />
external lighting.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 107 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Impact Assessment Methodology<br />
In order to assist in consistency of a <strong>Lighting</strong> Impact Assessment report a new publication<br />
from the ILP will be published in 2012 and it focuses on the lighting aspects of such<br />
development applications and includes design and assessment methodology. Whilst most<br />
of these are effects on people and their perception of the surroundings, which also includes<br />
upward sky glow effect, assessments must also include effects on flora and fauna.<br />
All parts of an Environmental Impact Assessment are reported in a particular order which is<br />
outlined as follows:-<br />
Site description<br />
Method of assessment<br />
Baseline assessment<br />
Proposed development<br />
Residual effects<br />
Brief summary of Visual Impact Assessment with<br />
description adapted for lighting context and with<br />
discussion on Environmental Zone(s).<br />
(E0 and E1limit for <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Designated Awards)<br />
Outline of the methodology for site visits, evaluation,<br />
design etc. (more detail in ILP Section 8)<br />
What lighting is in and around the area prior to any<br />
development. (more detail in ILP Section 9)<br />
The lighting design(s) and proposals, including the task<br />
requirements and limits set by factors such as<br />
Environmental Zone etc. (more detail in ILP Section 10)<br />
Assessment of the changes which may be caused by<br />
the lighting, including both the<br />
Construction & Operational Phase<br />
(more detail in ILP Section 11)<br />
Potential Mitigation<br />
Conclusions<br />
Again this should cover the<br />
Construction & Operational Phase<br />
(more detail in ILP Section 12)<br />
(including identification of any aspects / areas where<br />
there is a lack of information at the time of the report.)<br />
(more detail in ILP Section 11)<br />
Appendices<br />
Reference to the complete contents of the ILP document is essential but some indexed parts<br />
are included here to show the scope and methodology which should be followed for all new<br />
or refurbishment work which includes the installation of external lighting.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 108 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
Baseline Descriptions<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Impact Assessment – Checklist<br />
Baseline Assessment Procedures<br />
Day time visit<br />
Night time visit<br />
Viewpoint Scheduling<br />
Baseline Assessment Layout<br />
Location <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Brief Description<br />
Viewpoint Pages<br />
Baseline Summary<br />
Proposed Development – <strong>Lighting</strong> Design<br />
Design – General<br />
Preliminary Assessment<br />
Provisional Design<br />
Final Design<br />
Maintenance Factors<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Design Methodology<br />
In addition to the ILP rationale covering the process of carrying out <strong>Lighting</strong> Impact<br />
Assessments the Scottish Executive have published a complementary <strong>Plan</strong>ning Guidance<br />
Note (Controlling Light Pollution and Reducing Energy Consumption) which provides a<br />
rationale to all lighting design proposals.<br />
Again reference to the full document will provide energy saving advantages in providing a<br />
robust design, however, this LMP should encourage Development Control Committees, both<br />
within the Authority and adjacent Local Authorities, to insist on a thorough design process by<br />
the developer’s lighting engineer before submitting proposals. Although only 12 points are<br />
included in the LMP these should be treated as an absolute minimum requirement for small<br />
projects and there are no reasons why the full 20 point plan is not set as a standard<br />
requirement. The 20 point plan and the reasoning, with lighting performance indicators<br />
expected in a <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> area, are included here for the completeness of this Appendix.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 109 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
Good Design Practice – 20 Point Checklist<br />
1 Statement of client needs and interested parties’ comments<br />
2 Survey of surrounding area night environment<br />
3 Identification of critical viewpoints<br />
4 Establishment and calculation of existing lighting conditions<br />
5 Establishment of environmental light control limits<br />
6 Summary of baseline measurements and/or calculations<br />
7 Analysis of task lighting level recommendations<br />
8 Statement of new lighting design quality objectives<br />
9 Outline of iterative lighting design methodology<br />
10 Horizontal Calculation of Task working area(s)<br />
Overspill area(s)<br />
11 Obtrusive light calculation of Viewed source intensities<br />
Direct upward light ratio<br />
Nominal glare assessment<br />
Building luminance<br />
Combined upward illuminance grid<br />
12 Compare design achievement with baseline values<br />
13 Designer’s critique of final design constraints<br />
14 Viewpoint Visualisation<br />
15 Virtual walkthrough of illuminated site<br />
16 Schedule of model reflection factors<br />
17 Schedule of luminaire types, mounting height and aiming angles<br />
18 Schedule of energy usage and distribution<br />
19 Schedule of luminaire profiles<br />
20 Layout plan with beam orientation indication<br />
The last page is detachable and can be included with the planning application for the<br />
developer / designer to show all the sections which have been calculated or prepared in the<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Impact Assessment and the following is the methodology of the design process.<br />
1. Statement of Interested Parties’ Comments<br />
Not all clients of lighting designers have a clear outline of lighting requirements and<br />
sometimes the original objectives of a scheme are explained in very open terms. A<br />
short formal statement should not include technical details but could include possible<br />
alternatives, described in non-technical terms. Likewise external parties may raise<br />
concern or early objections to a new development created by a perceived vision,<br />
based on pictures or personal knowledge of examples of poor lighting control in<br />
adjacent developments. Special interest groups may also require to be included.<br />
The collection of interested parties’ comments is a way of providing background<br />
material, which acts as an early approach to carrying out a lighting risk assessment.<br />
The outcome of this risk assessment can be explained in the lighting design<br />
methodology as each objection, or restriction, is technically assessed.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 110 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
2. Site Survey (essential)<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> design proposals are often incorrectly, for various reasons, carried out without<br />
visiting the development site. Even with a site survey it is not always possible, the first<br />
time round, to identify all the potential lighting problems, however, to ignore the<br />
surrounds, by not visiting the site, does not provide good and thorough design<br />
methodology. More importantly failure to carry out a site survey can create a serious<br />
deficiency in risk management terms. The site survey should be the starting point for a<br />
Baseline Study from which various visual and technical elements can be identified.<br />
Where there are any existing lighting units close to the new development the<br />
magnitude of the existing lighting effect requires to be measured, or calculated,<br />
especially with respect to obtrusive light control, or lack of it. Light is additive and any<br />
overspill from the new development will amplify existing levels. (see later in point 4)<br />
3. Critical Viewpoints (essential)<br />
Most new developments today are overlooked to some extent by residential property,<br />
and some may be assessed as containing a more sensitive receptor than others. From<br />
each critical viewpoint a Landscape Architect will produce an assessment of the new<br />
development impact using a non-technical language to quantify the visual day-time<br />
magnitude. This planning guidance methodology plan will assist the lighting designer<br />
to use a similar approach but substituting a replicable calculation, or measurement, of<br />
physical magnitudes of light, to complement the non-technical, subjective, approach<br />
provided by others. However, luminaire orientation considerations can sometimes<br />
provide different night-time visual priority to those produced by day-time visual<br />
aesthetic techniques and it is important to identify alternative viewpoints and<br />
installation options at this early stage.<br />
Whenever the lighting statement is required to be carried out in conjunction with a<br />
landscape impact assessment it is important to maintain the same critical landscape<br />
viewpoints but additional points may require to be included, depending on the final<br />
design orientation of luminaires, where found to be night-time sensitive.<br />
Residential property close to the new development always forms the most important<br />
viewpoint since there are recommended illuminance limits on windows. However,<br />
distant viewpoints, with a clear view of the development often require the need for<br />
glare limiting assessments. It is often the magnitude of this viewed light intensity,<br />
which provides the source of complaint. If there is only one critical viewing direction<br />
the lighting designer can use this to direct light away from the observer but not at the<br />
expense of other, less critical, viewpoints.<br />
From each critical viewpoint the importance of each of 5 light limitation objectives,<br />
described later in point 11, but namely overspill, sky glow, light into bedroom windows,<br />
line of sight source intensity and building brightness will vary, relative to different<br />
viewpoints and human interest. The inclusion of a table of importance, exampled<br />
below, in the lighting design report will show the designer’s first approach to visual risk<br />
analysis with respect to the critical sensitive receptors.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 111 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
Table 3.1<br />
Typical Table of Importance to sensitive receptor<br />
Receptor Overspill <strong>Sky</strong>glow Light into Source Building<br />
Location<br />
Windows Intensity Luminance<br />
Adjacent to site High Nil High High High<br />
Close to site Medium Low Medium High Medium<br />
Near to site Low Medium Low High Low<br />
Distant to site Nil High Nil High Nil<br />
4. Existing <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
The calculation or measurement of existing lighting conditions has a twofold<br />
implication.<br />
A. Some light limitation values are based on maximum permissible limits. <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
effects are accumulative and if an adjacent residential window illuminance has<br />
already reached its maximum recommended limiting objective, the new<br />
development should show that it has been designed to provide for a zero<br />
increase in illumination on the adjacent property. If the site has not been visited<br />
this important element will be missed.<br />
It is therefore sometimes inappropriate in a planning application to merely state<br />
that the limit will not be exceeded without stating the existing baseline criteria.<br />
Each planning application should therefore assume that there is no record kept<br />
of existing illuminance values and make submissions relative to site measured,<br />
or calculated, magnitudes.<br />
B. Unless the local planning authority has produced a night time environmental<br />
zone boundary plan (see following point 5) it is necessary for the lighting<br />
designer to assess the existing ambient luminance condition of the area so that<br />
the new design can be shown to be better than or commensurate with and not<br />
exceeding existing conditions.<br />
5. Establish Environmental Setting (essential)<br />
Where there is not a <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> designated award scheme the lighting designer should<br />
consult the local planning authority to establish the existence of any local policy or<br />
strategy plan relating to the night-time environmental setting of the area in which the<br />
new development is proposed. In the absence of such a plan the designer will require<br />
to provide a self-assessment of the night-time setting from the information obtained<br />
during the visit to the area. This assessment may differ from the planning opinion and<br />
this disparity could result in rejecting the planning application and result in abortive<br />
design work. It is therefore essential that the planning authority, as recommended in<br />
PPG23 for England and Wales and PAN51 for Scotland, produce a night-time<br />
environmental protection strategy plan, in the form of four, or more, zone settings to<br />
mitigate the developer appealing against rejection of the scheme.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 112 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
This section is equivalent, in landscape design terms, to the landscape character<br />
assessment and the Scottish Natural Heritage provides zone maps of day-time value<br />
of importance to society.<br />
All <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> designated award schemes have well defined environmental zone<br />
boundaries as follows<br />
E0: New lighting excluded - eg <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Core<br />
E1: Intrinsically dark Areas - eg <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> Buffer Zone,<br />
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and National Parks<br />
E2: Low district brightness - eg <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> External Zone -<br />
Rural or small village locations<br />
E3and E4 (in CIE150:2005) do not relate to conditions expected in or<br />
close to a <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> designated award area<br />
6. Baseline Condition Summary<br />
A summary table showing calculated or measured values at defined locations are<br />
easiest to understand and monitor, however, if there is no existing lighting in the area<br />
prior to the new development being implemented there is no need to undertake this<br />
measurement.<br />
When measurements are undertaken values of illuminance should show whether they<br />
have been measured horizontally or vertically, providing the height from ground level<br />
at which they were taken.<br />
7. Task Analysis (essential)<br />
Most exterior tasks have a particular lighting quality objective published [5] as a<br />
recommended value but it is sometimes necessary to compare new tasks with similar<br />
existing published operations. The essential point at this stage is to show that the<br />
lighting design quality objectives are not excessively high by comparing the design<br />
objectives with other similar task lighting recommendations.<br />
A regular planning example of this is found in lighting for sports where there are<br />
recommendations [6 et al] for different playing levels of individual games. <strong>Plan</strong>ning<br />
applications often show the average illuminance the design has achieved without<br />
declaring the playing requirement and thereby possibly using more energy than is<br />
needed.<br />
8. <strong>Lighting</strong> Design Objectives (essential)<br />
This should take the form of a short section where the designer creates a technical<br />
picture of the predicted “light technical parameters” which the development will be<br />
designed to achieve. The lighting quality will be described in terms of illuminance<br />
(volume) and sometimes luminance (brightness) and should be compared with a<br />
professionally published recommended lighting quality objective.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 113 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
The lighting designer has access to many sources of published data and should state<br />
the source document(s) from which the data has been extracted. A good design will<br />
compare lighting quality recommendations with other publications and other equivalent<br />
task related recommendations when an exact task fit has not been found in published<br />
data.<br />
9. <strong>Lighting</strong> Design Iterative Methodology<br />
There is often more than one method of achieving the same lighting quality objectives<br />
and the lighting designer will often consider different methods as a mental assessment<br />
at pre-design stage. The various options are often not considered worthy of<br />
documenting and only one option is usually presented in the planning application to<br />
assist in simplifying the planning approval stage. It is now very important to show<br />
alternative considerations especially where there are electrical energy implications and<br />
this point is reinforced in a later point (see 13 - Designer’s Critique).<br />
In large projects small areas are sometimes used for trial calculations to show typical<br />
lighting levels for different options and for each option the designer should be<br />
assessing the likely implications of creating potentially obtrusive situations for adjacent<br />
residencies. CIE Report 150:2003 has a generalised flowchart showing a matrix of<br />
known pitfalls and benefits of different design options and luminaire mounting height<br />
features strongly in the matrix.<br />
As the design develops this process of part design and part appraise can identify the<br />
need to modify the design at an early stage and mitigate abortive design work which is<br />
often required if the obtrusive light process is carried out at the end of the design.<br />
Again the process of change as the design progresses is not often documented to<br />
avoid presenting a perceived weakness in the design methodology but if this is<br />
documented correctly it can show planners that external concerns have been allowed<br />
for and how the design has been constrained to accommodate the concerns.<br />
10. Horizintal Illuminance Predictions (essential)<br />
No design should be considered worthy of starting a planning application assessment<br />
if light level calculations have not been carried out. It is one of the simplest tasks in<br />
the lighting design process and should show a horizontal grid of predicted values on<br />
not only the task area but also the overspill beyond the site limits. Although there are<br />
no nationally published limitation values of horizontal illuminance at the site boundary<br />
many local authorities prescribe a locally determined value in development restrictions.<br />
Although the boundary limitation value is simple to monitor and measure, post<br />
development stage, it should not take precedence to the nationally defined limitation<br />
techniques because it may, if used in isolation, hide other more important obtrusive<br />
light issues described in point 11 (following).<br />
There are many computer programmes available today which can perform simple<br />
horizontal illuminance predictions, however, very few have integrated all the processes<br />
necessary to calculate and display potential obtrusive light impact values as outlined in<br />
point 11. Additionally, in order to assist in visual recognition of the task area relative to<br />
adjacent residential properties, the computer software should be able to import<br />
suitable mapping of the area and display the external critical observer locations from<br />
which predictions have been assessed.<br />
Calculated assessments are normally based on laboratory measured intensity values<br />
radiating at various angles from the luminaire. Each luminaire has a unique<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 114 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
photometric fingerprint of light distribution and calculated predictions are only correct<br />
for the particular luminaire make and type selected for the calculation. Care should<br />
therefore be taken at planning approval stage to ensure that the same make and type<br />
of luminaire is installed as that proposed in the design. Substitute luminaires cannot<br />
be assumed to produce the same effect and planning consent should always be<br />
conditional on the luminaire type, mounting height, quantity, lamp type and wattage<br />
and luminaire orientation as calculated in the prediction. (Importance repeated in point<br />
17 - Luminaire Schedule)<br />
11. Obtrusive Light Calculations (essential)<br />
The CIE:150:2003 [3] and ILP guidance notes [4] provide lighting designers, planners and<br />
environmental health officers with national and internationally recognised technical<br />
limitations on stray light. These limitations can be considered as the technical<br />
equivalent to visual magnitude and values in excess of the recommendations could be<br />
assessed as causing a “nuisance”. The design should therefore be carried out in<br />
conjunction with monitoring these calculated limits as an iterative test and try process<br />
as the design progresses. Sometimes the obtrusive light calculations are carried out<br />
at the end of the design process, however, regardless of the point in time these checks<br />
are made no planning application should be accepted which does not outline<br />
calculated values for all, or at least the first three, of the following.<br />
A<br />
Direct line of sight light intensity from luminaires is probably the principal source<br />
of potential complaint since it often produces offensive glare. This is light<br />
radiated from a luminaire in a particular direction and the limits quoted [3&4] relate<br />
to intensity values viewed externally into the site. It is normal practice to<br />
calculate that the design mitigates the recommended limiting values from the<br />
prime viewpoints identified in the EIA and any additional viewpoints selected by<br />
the lighting designer. The table below shows the intensity limit for four night time<br />
environmental zones, site pre determined in point 5.<br />
Expected performance indicators<br />
Source Intensity E0 E1 E2<br />
Maximum Pre Curfew ( cd ) 0 2500 7500<br />
Maximum Post Curfew ( cd ) 0 0 500<br />
B<br />
Light intruding into property windows can be predicted by calculating values on a<br />
vertical grid representing a window, or series of windows. The recommended<br />
limits are additive to what is already being experienced, pre development. If the<br />
pre development limits are already exceeded the new design will require to<br />
show, by calculations, that zero additional light intrusion will be provided by the<br />
new development.<br />
Expected performance indicators<br />
Intrusion Control E0 E1 E2<br />
Maximum Pre Curfew (lux) 0 2 5<br />
Maximum Post Curfew (lux) 0 0 1<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 115 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
Both A and B above are essential elements in proving that the new development proposal<br />
will mitigate the majority of residents’ concerns. In the case where the development requires<br />
the use of all night lighting the more onerous “post curfew” limiting values should be chosen<br />
as the maximum limit.<br />
C<br />
The upward light ratio can vary between individual luminaires depending on their<br />
respective tilt angles and light distribution in their intended installed arrangement.<br />
Although the evaluation covers the direct upward component of light from the<br />
complete installation it does not include the light reflected upwards from the<br />
ground. Neither the ILP nor the CIE have defined or quantified this reflective<br />
element since no two developments have the same ground cover. As a general<br />
rule the darker the building or ground cover surfaces are, the lower the upward<br />
reflected component.<br />
<strong>Sky</strong> Glow Control E1 E2<br />
Upward Light Ratio 0% 2.5%<br />
In areas external to a <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> designated area the direct upward light ratio<br />
calculation is for the complete installation the proposal application should state<br />
the individual luminaire elevations against which the calculation is based. Many<br />
good quality luminaires produce a 0% upward light ratio at zero degrees tilt but it<br />
only requires a vertical tilt of 10 0 to produce an evaluation of 2.5% upward light<br />
ratio.<br />
Most luminaires in a <strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong> designated area are expected to be installed with<br />
a zero tilt and the following table shows the installed glare and intensity<br />
distribution limitations.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 116 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
ENP Zone<br />
<strong>Dark</strong> <strong>Sky</strong><br />
Requirements<br />
Between Core Zone<br />
and nearest<br />
population cluster ><br />
900<br />
Residential buffer<br />
between town<br />
centre and rural<br />
remainder (or<br />
centre of town with<br />
< 900)<br />
Town Centre with<br />
population > 900<br />
(excluding heritage<br />
style streets)<br />
Glare<br />
Class<br />
Maximum luminous intensity in<br />
cd/klm<br />
at at at above<br />
70 0 az 80 0 az 90 0 az 95 0 az<br />
Non technical<br />
description of luminaire<br />
light control in installed<br />
condition<br />
G6* 350 100 0 0 Fully cut-off installation<br />
in environmental zone<br />
E1<br />
G5-<br />
derivative<br />
350 100 5 0 Cut-off installation<br />
G4 500 100 10 0 Part Cut-off installation<br />
Heritage bowl style G4 500 100 10 0<br />
Heritage gas style G4+ 500 100 20 0<br />
External for 5 miles<br />
beyond Park<br />
boundary (lamps <<br />
20,000 lumens)<br />
All luminaires with<br />
lamps greater than<br />
20,000 lumens<br />
between Core Zone<br />
boundary and<br />
5 miles distant<br />
G3 . 100 20 2.5% Semi-Cut-off<br />
installation in<br />
environmental zone E2<br />
G6** 350 100 0 0 Fully cut-off installation<br />
regardless of night time<br />
environmental zone<br />
D<br />
The effect of glare, as viewed by an external observer, is controlled by limiting<br />
the viewed intensity as described in A, however, sometimes it is necessary to<br />
carry out a second glare assessment in sports lighting to protect the interests of<br />
spectators and players. This calculation process is additional to that carried out<br />
in A and not a substitute evaluation.<br />
Another additional glare evaluation may also be required to protect the interest of<br />
vehicle drivers. The term Threshold Increment has been limited to street lighting<br />
quality assessment calculations for at least 15 years but its use is now being<br />
expanded to ensure that vehicle drivers do not exceed a threshold increment<br />
limit of 15% from off-road installations situated adjacent to the public highway.<br />
Again this is an additional assessment and not a substitute for the requirements<br />
described in A and should be carried out as a cumulative process with the<br />
existing street lighting provision included in the calculation.<br />
E<br />
Building luminance is normally only carried out for structures, which are<br />
architecturally transformed at night by the application of illuminating techniques.<br />
Different surface textures and colours reflect light in different proportions and a<br />
luminance calculation should include a schedule of surface colours and reflection<br />
factor characteristics assumed in the calculation process.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 117 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
F<br />
The calculation of the combined effect of direct and upward reflected light is<br />
generally un-necessary since there are no national or international<br />
recommended limits on which to judge success or failure in the proposed lighting<br />
design. There are also very few software algorithms which provide this<br />
calculation facility. It can, however, be used with good effect to show a visual<br />
comparison between old and new lighting installation technique. It can also be<br />
used to show the difference in upward reflections when the new lighting has<br />
been designed in conjunction with landscaping techniques to soften the effect of<br />
upward reflected light by reducing the area allocation of hard landscaping.<br />
Some all weather sports fields can reflect more upward light than that from<br />
natural grass due to the high proportion of sand fill in the mesh. In cases like<br />
this the increase in upward light should not be wholly associated with poor<br />
lighting design. If the direct upward component has been shown to be less than<br />
the recommended percentage limit for the particular environmental zone then the<br />
increase in upward aura can be assessed as a consequence of the development<br />
surface treatment.<br />
12. Comparing Design with Baseline (essential)<br />
A robust design methodology will carry out those assessments previously described in point<br />
11 as part of an iterative process during the formulation of the design. This iterative process<br />
involves providing trial assessments of the likely outcome of different lighting arrangements<br />
in small trial pockets in very large projects. In this way the impact assessment, in technically<br />
calculated magnitudes, can be formulated as the design progresses.<br />
Since some of the spill light control values are based on cumulative lighting results it is<br />
important to carry out calculations or take varied measurement assessments of the existing<br />
lighting arrangement to show that the new design overspill does not impinge or provide<br />
excess values when added to the existing arrangement.<br />
If the existing lighting arrangement has been calculated or measured to be providing<br />
excessive obtrusive light values and does not form part of the new development it may be<br />
judged unfair to over-constrain and penalize the new development for a previous<br />
generations’ over lighting technique. However, it may be possible to encourage the new<br />
development to enlarge the scope of the lighting assessment to provide alternative<br />
arrangements for the existing lighting to reduce the impact where the combined lighting<br />
values are found to be over the obtrusive limit recommendations.<br />
13. Designer’s Critique<br />
A robust design will often consider different elements and applications during the formulation<br />
stage but the planning application may only have one final version to approve or reject. In<br />
providing a critique, in the form of an appendix, the designer can outline some or all of the<br />
lighting options, which have been considered together with lighting technique reasons for not<br />
progressing with some of the options. This can sometimes help the planning officer come to<br />
a decision without referring the proposal back to the designer to try something different.<br />
14. Viewpoint Visualisation<br />
In addition to the calculations necessary to prove that the design does not produce obtrusive<br />
light towards the critical viewpoints the production of a lit environmental model can add<br />
visual simplicity to what can be, for many, a very complicated technical presentation.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 118 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
There are several visualisation software packages now available, however, the construction<br />
of an electronic model is a labour intensive process and not all projects warrant this<br />
overhead cost.<br />
15. Virtual Walkthrough<br />
The production of a walkthrough is only the “icing on a cake” and can only be provided as a<br />
result of producing an electronic model as described in 14. However, its main advantage is<br />
that different viewpoints, other than the critical ones, can be considered and “visualised”.<br />
16. Surface Colour Schedule<br />
All electronic virtual artwork relies on the construction of electronic model surfaces and some<br />
software produces very lifelike images. <strong>Lighting</strong> calculation software, which uses the light<br />
distribution fingerprint particular to an individual luminaire manufacturer’s production model,<br />
does not have as wide a range of surface textures to visualisation software which has no<br />
lighting calculation facilities. <strong>Lighting</strong> calculation software relies on the designer creating a<br />
natural daytime colour match and a night-time reflection factor to create the model.<br />
A general analysis of the electronic model surfaces should be provided in the form of a<br />
schedule containing all the surface colours, in terms of the general colour description, the<br />
red / yellow / blue co-ordinate reference and the light reflection factor characteristics.<br />
At planning application stage this information not necessary to analyse compliance with most<br />
common light control analysis but it does become important when building luminance<br />
requires to be analysed. It also becomes important in showing which version of the colour<br />
scheme has been used in the calculation, especially if there has been several building<br />
material changes been made during the structure design stage.<br />
17. Luminaire Schedule (essential)<br />
This schedule forms an essential element in both the planning and the subsequent<br />
construction stage of the development. The schedule should contain a minimum of 5 items<br />
which indicate each individual luminaire’s light beam potential in terms of the following:-<br />
A Luminaire light distribution type (often included in a manufacturer’s catalogue<br />
number)<br />
B Lamp type and wattage<br />
C Mounting height<br />
D Orientation direction (between 0 and 359 0 with 0 0 relative to a declared point in the<br />
development plan. Some software calculation algorithms use North and others use East as<br />
0 0 but all use an anti-clockwise direction as the angle increases.)<br />
E Luminaire tilt (between 0 and 90 0 and the greater this angle the greater the potential<br />
for producing obtrusive light)<br />
In some calculation software the orientation and tilt is given as a composite x,y,z co-ordinate<br />
relative to the main calculation grid, eg on a sports field, and this sometimes makes it difficult<br />
to make a quick visual assessment of the luminaire orientation and elevation relative to<br />
distant property outside the site boundary. Most software calculation processes have an<br />
automatic conversion process and although the designer may have used an x,y,z coordinate<br />
to accurately aim each floodlight, relative to the playing surface, the software can<br />
automatically convert this 3 dimensional number into a 2 angle notational representation of<br />
the same positional aim without additional design work. The 2 angle system is easier to<br />
visualise at planning application appraisal stage.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 119 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
This 5 way matrix (items A to E) is the minimum amount of information necessary to analyse<br />
the lighting design. Even the simplest of analysis could not proceed if any one of these<br />
items was missing from the schedule.<br />
Column and luminaire schedules are often constructed separately from information<br />
contained in the calculation process to assist in the presentation of contract drawings.<br />
These schedules often contain information relating to the electrical distribution circuits but<br />
should contain the same 5 way matrix information described above as an absolute minimum<br />
for contract construction.<br />
18. Energy Usage<br />
There is currently no government legislation covering the limitations on the electrical load for<br />
external lighting, equivalent to that which exists in Building Regulations for new interior<br />
lighting projects. Regardless of the lack in recommended limits there are two values, which<br />
a good design methodology could show the efficiency of the proposed lighting, especially<br />
when the installation is planned to replace an old existing arrangement. Both values are<br />
relative to the square area of the development with the first and foremost showing the<br />
electrical load distributed over the area of the site in watts per square metre. This value is<br />
likely to become the key measurement of the installation efficiency in the same way that the<br />
current Building Regulations attempt to limit the use of less efficient light sources.<br />
The second method may be to show the total lamp lumens per square metre of development<br />
in an attempt to prove that the use of less distribution efficient luminaires has been mitigated<br />
in the design.<br />
Neither of these two methods can show direct obtrusive light mitigation and should not be<br />
used in isolation to the direct methods previously described as a controlling light factor since<br />
their main function is only to show an energy control factor and an example of recent<br />
landmark projects results, using luminaires with high quality light control, are shown below.<br />
Budget priced luminaires will return higher watts per square metre.<br />
Exterior lighting designers are well equipped to using energy efficient discharge light sources<br />
and, unlike interior lighting design, low efficiency light sources, like tungsten halogen, are<br />
only used externally, with the exception of domestic installations, on very rare occasions.<br />
Discharge lamp wattage should, however, be totalled with the associated power consumed<br />
by the discharge control gear. A reference list of lamp wattages and associated circuit watts<br />
can be found at www.lcads.com<br />
Paragraph on remote control of power<br />
19. Schedule of Luminaire Profiles (essential)<br />
On large projects it is often necessary to utilise different types of luminaires to light an area<br />
effectively and efficiently. Most of the material produced so far has been very technical and<br />
this schedule is one of the few, which can be presented in a very simple and visual manner.<br />
The schedule should show a pictorial image together with design reference number,<br />
manufacturer’s catalogue number, lamp type and watts and the reflector beam width<br />
classification.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 120 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
Luminaire manufacturers usually produce composite data sheets for their range but this can<br />
sometimes be too general to be included in a planning application and are not precise<br />
enough to itemise exact model and beam distribution proposed for each luminaire type<br />
included in the design.<br />
20. Layout <strong>Plan</strong> (essential)<br />
This is the last item of a 20 point good design methodology plan and it is sometimes the<br />
only item considered essential by some developers when submitting a planning<br />
application. It is just as essential as all the calculation presentations previously described<br />
and it is another form of visualisation as far as the planning application is concerned but a<br />
contractual document at construction stage.<br />
The plan should show all the new column and luminaire positions together with a reference<br />
number for each location in order to provide a relationship with the column and luminaire<br />
schedule described in point 17 and each luminaire orientation should be shown by an<br />
extended line from the mounting location.<br />
Layout plans are often only made to cover the site limits but for obtrusive lighting or<br />
environmental assessment studies it is important to include surrounding landscape, property<br />
and existing lighting arrangements to assist in creating a wider picture to assist in making a<br />
measured judgement possible at the planning application stage.<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 121 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
Bibliography<br />
Title<br />
Publisher<br />
[1] Directive 85/337/ EEC Council of the European Communities<br />
Directive 97/11/EC 1995 and 1997<br />
[2] Understanding and Dealing with <strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design<br />
Obtrusive Light<br />
Services Ltd<br />
3 rd Edition 2006 Rosemount, Well Road, Moffat<br />
[3] Guide on the limitation of the Society of Light & <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
effects of obtrusive light from CIE Publications<br />
outdoor lighting installations 222 Balham High Road<br />
CIE Report 150:2003<br />
London SW12 9BS<br />
[4] Guidance notes for the reduction Free download at www.theilp.org.uk<br />
of obtrusive light<br />
[5] Guidelines for Landscape and Landscape Institute and IEMA<br />
Visual Impact Assessment Spon Press ISBN 0-415-23185-x<br />
[6] <strong>Lighting</strong> Guide No6 (1992) CIBSE Society of Light & <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
The Outdoor Environment 222 Balham High Road<br />
London SW12 9BS<br />
[7] Technical Report No 4 CIBSE Society of Light & <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Sports <strong>Lighting</strong> Guide<br />
222 Balham High Road<br />
+ others eg London SW12 9BS<br />
Sports Council<br />
Lawn Tennis <strong>Association</strong><br />
BS 5489-1:2003<br />
Road lighting design:<br />
Code of Practice<br />
BSEN 13201-2:2003<br />
Performance Requirements<br />
Technical Report No 5<br />
Brightness of Illuminated<br />
Advertisements (2001)<br />
Technical Report 24<br />
A practical guide to the<br />
Development of a public <strong>Lighting</strong><br />
Policy for Local Authorities<br />
BSI<br />
BSI<br />
ILP<br />
ILP<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 122 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299
Exterior <strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Management</strong> <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Version 03<br />
Supplementary Design Guidance<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> <strong>Plan</strong>ning Application – Design Requirement Checklist<br />
Methodology <strong>Plan</strong><br />
Statement of interested<br />
parties’ comments<br />
Survey of surrounding night<br />
environment<br />
Identification of critical<br />
viewpoints<br />
Establishment and calculation<br />
of existing lighting conditions<br />
Summary of baseline<br />
measurements and/or<br />
calculations<br />
Analysis of task lighting level<br />
recommendations<br />
Establishment of<br />
environmental light control<br />
limits<br />
Statement of new lighting<br />
design quality objectives<br />
Outline of iterative lighting<br />
design methodology<br />
Calculated measurement<br />
of Task working area(s)<br />
Distribution<br />
Warehouse<br />
<br />
Sports<br />
Complex<br />
<br />
Building Car<br />
Park<br />
Road<br />
Light<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overspill area(s) <br />
<br />
Obtrusive light calculation of<br />
Property intrusion<br />
Viewed source intensities <br />
Nominal glare assessment <br />
Direct upward light ratio <br />
Building luminance <br />
Combined upward<br />
illuminance grid<br />
Compare design achievement<br />
with baseline values<br />
Designer’s critique of final<br />
design constraints<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Viewpoint Visualisation <br />
Virtual walkthrough of<br />
<br />
illuminated site<br />
Schedule of model reflection<br />
factors<br />
Schedule of luminaire types,<br />
mounting height and aiming<br />
angles<br />
Schedule of energy usage and<br />
distribution<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Schedule of luminaire profiles <br />
<br />
Layout plan with beam<br />
orientation indication<br />
Proposal<br />
Provided<br />
<strong>Lighting</strong> Consultancy And Design Services Ltd Page - 123 -<br />
Rosemount House, Well Road, Moffat, DG10 9BT Tel: 01683 220 299