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IUGG XXIV General Assembly July 2-13, 2007 Perugia, Italy (S) - <strong>IASPEI</strong> - International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior JSS008 Oral Presentation 1988 Seismo-electromagnetic emissions and VHF pulsed radio signals (P-H pulses) observations over one solar orbit - More questions than answers. Mr. Phillip Hollis-Watts CRC Mining Western Australin School of Mines Christopher R Windsor Electromagnetic radiation has been observed and measured during the deformation/fracture of ‘rock’ over various scales by many authors for many years (Warwick et al, 1982 to Freund et al, 2007). One form of emission, termed P-H pulses (pulsed VHF signals) was originally observed by the first author prior to a M= 5.9, earthquake (EQ) that occurred 10:28, 28 Dec. 1989 (Local Time) at Newcastle, NSW, Australia. P-H pulses, the early monitoring equipment and some interpretations and discussions have been given by Pulinets and Hollis-Watts, 2003 and in Pulinets and Boyarchuk, 2004. In 2006, an improved measurement station was established at Esperance, WA. This station is manually operated which restricts observation frequency and duration but does allow each observation to be checked and confirmed. A systematic assessment began involving measurements at 0.5 hour intervals averaging over 10 hours per day from 20 October 2005 to 20 October 2006 with a hiatus during February and March, 2006. This assessment was conducted over one Earth orbit of the Sun, in an attempt to firstly, determine any daily, monthly, annual variations, secondly to determine any astronomical and atmospheric effects and thirdly to officially record and report any anomalous ‘spikes’ for comparison to EQs recorded within the Geoscience Australia, 2007 earthquake database. The EQ events of magnitude 0 to 9.99 were taken from Geoscience Australia Earthquake Database over the period considered for a coordinate range of Lon. 60 to 180 and Lat.+40 to -50. A total of 225 of these events are recorded across continental Australia (proportioned by state with WA: 59%, SA:15%, NSW: 11%, NT: 8%, VIC: 4%, TAS: 2% QLD: 1%). 75 events are also recorded across an Asian arc North of Australia from Pakistan to Fiji. The data show a characteristically low magnitude (1 to 4) pattern for continental Australia relative to the significant magnitude events (>5) recorded for the chosen Asian arc. They also show 103 events (or 46% of the total continental occurrence) are recorded in the relatively seismic Yilgarn Craton of WA. It is interesting to note that relatively high principal normal stress magnitudes and ratios of horizontal to vertical stress have been measured in the upper crust within the Yilgarn Craton (Brown and Windsor, 1990). The P-H pulses per minute were monitored from the single station at Esperance, WA with two amplitude levels (on VHF 148 MHz. An annual reduction in pulses per minute is observed with retreat from the Sun with a daily cycle that peaks at ca. midnight (local time). Transformation of time to x = sin (kt), where k = (2π/LOD) and least squares regression with y = (P-H pulses /minute) visibly indicates a linear relation limited by an r2 coefficient of ca. 0.56. They are compared with the time series of heliocentric radial range to Esperance, WA at Lon. 121 53΄, Lat. 33 51΄, computed on 23/02/2007 using the Ephemeris Solar System Dynamics Program, NASA/CIT/JPL, 2007 (http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/). This visible suggested relation will be tested properly after anomalous spikes have been censored. Different types of short-time anomalies were identified possibly related with the earthquakes and close volcano eruptions having different envelope and spectrum characteristics Work is now concentrating on statistical analysis of the various data time series in an attempt to test any correlated effects. At this stage our observations have produced more questions than answers and these will be discuss in the paper proper. At this stage we note: • Cycles in P-H pulses that appear associated with astronomical geometry. • Not as of yet, identified effects from severe electrical storms, pressure and precipitation and reported coronal ejections. • Consistent measurement (i.e. over 100,000 frames) of more positive spikes than negative indicating a flux which is not a recognised form of EM
IUGG XXIV General Assembly July 2-13, 2007 Perugia, Italy interference. • A short duration anomaly that may precede an EQ and a relatively long duration anomaly that appears to be co-volcanic (with distinctly different FFTs). The issue of a P-H pulse anomaly representing an EQ precursor requires considerable assessment that has not been attempted here. The rock physics of Freund, 2002 coupled with the ionospheric physics given by Pulinets and Boyarchuk, 2004 indicate lithosphere-ionosphere coupling may be possible through electromagnetic emissions. However, here, we have only reported intermittent observations from a single, manually operated station. Several automated terrestrial stations with continual measurement and synchronised vectoring of the signal would provide a much better test, (as would a satellite based system). References Brown, E.T. and Windsor, C.R., 1990. Near surface in situ stresses in Australia and their influence on underground construction. Keynote lecture, Proc. 7th Aust. Tunneling Conf, Sydney. Nat. Conf. Pub. No. 90/8 pp 18-48. IE Aust. Canberra. Freund, F.T. 2002. Charge generation and propagation in rock. J. Geodynamics, 33, 545-572. Freund, F. T., Takeuchi, A., Lau, B.W. S., Al-Manaseer, A., Fu, C.C., Bryant, N.A. and Ouzounov, D. 2007. Stimulated infrared emission from rocks: assessing a stress indicator. eEarth, 2, 1-10. (www.electronic-earth.net/2/1/2007/) Geoscience Australia, 2007. Australian earthquake database at www.ga.gov.au Pulinets, S. and Hollis-Watts, P. 2003. P-H Pulses – the new type of seismoelectromagnetic emission. Paper EAE03 – A 07035. AGU –EUG Joint Assembly, Nice France. Pulinets, S. and Boyachuk, K. 1995. Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes. Springer: Berlin : GermanyP.315. NASA/CIT/JPL, 2007. Solar System Dynamics Ephemeris Program at http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ Rowe, A.J. and Grayson, M. 1996. Shake, rattle and roll. The Medical Journal of Australia. V.165. No. 10/11. Warwick, J.W., Stoker, C. and Meyer, T.R. 1982. Radio emission associated with rock fracture: Possible application to the great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960. J. Geophys. Res. 87:2851-2859. Keywords: vhf pulsed emission, p h pulses, stress
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