南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文铝蜂窝夹层结构的无损检测研究姓名 ...

中国工业检验检测网 http://www.industryinspection.com 

南京航空航天大学 

硕士学位论文 

铝蜂窝夹层结构的无损检测研究 

姓名 : 张丽琴 

申请学位级别 : 硕士 

专业 : 测试计量技术与仪器 

指导教师 : 邓宗白 

20090101


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C 

 

C 

C 

C 

 

C 

VC++6.0 

Prewitt 

Canny 

Canny C 

C 

 

 

 

i


 

Abstract 

Honeycomb sandwich structures have been widely applied in aviation, aerospace, industry and 

some other fields, especially in the modern structure of satellites, which have become the major 

load-bearing structure because of its excellent mechanical operties. pr The main research objects in 

this paper are the bonding qualities of aluminum honeycomb sandwich plates. The structure 

characteristic and mechanical properties of honeycomb sandwich structures have been introduced. 

The present situation and development trends of nondestructive testing (NDT) research on 

honeycomb sandwich structures also have been described. 

Ultrasonic detection has already become one of the most widely-applied techniques in NDT of 

adhesive structures. Researches on the ultrasonic testing of multi-layered metal-nonmetal adhesive 

structure begin earlier, and tend to ripe, but those of multi-layered metal-metal adhesive honeycomb 

structure are less. So in this article the aluminum honeycomb sandwich plates, which have different 

size artificial defects, were detected by the ultrasonic C-scan nondestructive testing. In order to 

overcome the great impedance difference between adhesive layers of honeycomb structure which 

leads to Ultrasound energy serious decay, the high-frequency focused transducer was used to get 

C-scan images. It is analyzed that the reason of the blur of defect edge in C-scan image might be the 

physical limit of focused transducer with circular focus that causes the energy variation of reflected 

wave near the defect boundary and the energy distribution. 

In order to do more precise quantitative analysis of defect images, based on VC++6.0 visual 

programming, image filter and edge detection two image processing interfaces have been created to 

realize Median filter, Average filter, Prewitt algorithm, Canny algorithm and so on. The results show 

that the noise in C-scan images can be reduced more rapidly and the defect edge can be detected 

more accurately and continuously by the Median filtering and Canny edge detection. FinallyResult 

proves that ultrasonic C-scan can more effectively and accurately detected the de-bonding defects in 

honeycomb sandwich plates. The research in this paper have provided experimental basis, reference 

value, have also examined the production process qualities of aluminum honeycomb sandwich plates. 

Keywords: honeycomb sandwich structure, aluminum honeycomb sandwich plates, nondestructive 

testing (NDT), ultrasonic C-scan, image filter, edge detection 

ii


 

 

1.1 

..................................................................................................2 

1.2 1 

..........................................................................................................5 

2.1 ........................................................................................................................12 

2.2 C 

...........................................................................................13 

2.3 

................................................................................................................17 

3.1 

........................................................................................20 

3.2 C 

..............................................................................................................21 

3. 3 

3mm C ..............................................................................21 

3.4 

6mm C ............................................................................22 

3.5 

12mm C ...........................................................................22 

3.6 

3mm C .............................................................................22 

3.7 

6mm C .............................................................................23 

3.8 

12mm C ...........................................................................23 

3.9 

............................................................................................................24 

4.1 

................................................................................................................32 

4.2 Robert ........................................................................................................................33 

4.3 Sobel .........................................................................................................................33 

4.4 Prewitt .......................................................................................................................34 

4.5 Prewitt 

...........................................................................................................34 

4.6 

...............................................................................35 

4.7 

LOG .........................................................................................36 

4.8 Canny 

................................................................................................36 

5.1 

...........................................................................................................41 

5.2 12mm C 

..................................................................................41 

5.3 ..................................................................................................................................42 

5.4 3×3 

............................................................................................................42 

5.5 5×5 

............................................................................................................42 

5.6 7×7 

............................................................................................................43 

5.7 ...................................................................................................................................43 

v


 

5.8 

............................................................................................................44 

5.9 Robert ........................................................................................................................44 

5.10 Sobel .......................................................................................................................45 

5.11 Prewitt .....................................................................................................................45 

5.12 Laplace ....................................................................................................................45 

5.13 LOG 

................................................................................................................46 

5.14 Canny ......................................................................................................................46 

5.15 3mm 

Canny ...................................................................47 

5.16 6mm 

Canny ...................................................................47 

5.17 12mm 

Canny .................................................................48 

5.18 3mm 

Canny ...................................................................49 

5.19 6mm 

Canny ...................................................................49 

5.20 12mm 

Canny .................................................................49 

1.1 

.................................................................................................4 

2.1 UT340 

.......................................................................................14 

3.1 

...................................................................................................20 

5.1 

C 

..........................................................................48 

5.2 

C 

..........................................................................50 

vi


 

 

P 

i0 

σ 

ω r 

c c 

1 

 

D λ 

1 

 

vii

中国工业检验检测网 http://www.industryinspection.com


 

 

1.1 

 

 

 

1940 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.2 

1.2.1 

 

 

 

 

[1] 

1938 

Havilland Albatross 

 

[2] 

( 

Kevlar) 

 

 

 

1.1 1


 

1.1 

 

 

 

[2] 

 

1.2.2 

 

 

[3-6] (1) 

 

600 Nm (2) 

 

1 3 

 

(3) 

 

(4) 

 

GB-8624-1997 

GB-8624-B1 

 

(5) 

 

 

 

2


 

 

(6) 

1/5 1/10 

15mm 1.0mm 0.8mm 

6 10mm 0.5mm 

 

4 

2 

2 4mm 

 

(7) 

 

 

 

 

 

1.3 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[7-9] F18 

 

AV SB 

12.1%5% 

 

B 58 

85% F111 

90% 

Nomex 

280 Nomex 

260m 2 80% 

 

3


 

 

 

 

747 

 

20000 

7 

 

35% 

[9-11] 

 

 

1.1 

1.1 

 

Keval//Nomex 

 

Keval/ Nomex 

27% 

 

 

Keval/ 

43.5Kg 

Keval/ 

Keval/ C/ 

 

 

15% 

- 

Keval/ 

30% 

 

 

 

C / /Nomex 

27% 

C/ 

C/ /Nomex 

19% 

C/ 

Keval/ 

 

C//Nomex 

25% 

 

C/ 

Nomex 

29% 

 

 

C//Nomex 

 

C/ 

18Kg 

 

 

1 

 

T 

[10] 

1.2 

 

4


 

1.4 

1.2 1 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C 

 

1.5 

 

 

 

5


 

 

70 

 

 

 

80 

 

 

 

 

: 

 

 

[12] 

[13] X [14] 

[15] 

[16] 

[17] 

 

 

2003 

 

[18] 

-/ 

 

 

 

2004 

[19] 

 

 

2006 

[20] 

 

 

[21] SIC 

C AI/SIC 

Th.ZweschPer 

CFRP 

[22] 

Billson 

[23] Papadaki 

1992 

[24] 

 

1998 WHillger 

CFRP 

[25] 

EH101 

 

C 

24dB 6


 

B 

 

 

 

 

[23-30] 

 

 

 

[31] 

C 

 

 

1.6 

 

 

[32] (1) 

 

 

 

90 

 

(2) 

 

 

 

 

(3) 

 

 

(4) 

 

 

7


 

 

 

1.7 

 

 

C 

 

 

C 

C 

 

C 

 

VC++6.0 

 

C C 

 

8


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C 

C 

 

 

2.1 

 

 

 

[32-36] 

20kHz 

 

 

 

j( ω c − kx) 

Pi 

( x, 

t) 

= ∑ P e 

i 0 

2.1 

2.1 Pi0 

 

k k = ω c ω c 

 

j t 

Prf ( x, t) = ∑ Prf 0e | 

x= 

0 

2.2 

 

xi 

 

j( t kx) 

Prx ( x, t) = ∑ Prx 0e ω + | 

x= 

x 

2.3 

i 

x x 

x x 

 

i 

= 

I 

 

i 

= 

B 

 

2.2 2.3 

xI 

c x − x c 

( ) 

B 

I 

 

9


 

 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

2.2 

2.2.1 

 

20KHz10 

3 MHz 

 

 

 

 

 

[35] (1) 

(2) 

 

12mm 

(3) 

(4) 

 

 

(5) 

(6) 

 

2.2.2 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.3 

 

 

 

 

 

[38] 

 

B C (1) A A 

 

(2) B B 

(3) C C 

 

 

 

A C A 

C 

 

 

2.3.1 C 

C 

 

C 

 

C 

 

 

11


 

 

A/D 

A C A 

 

 

C 

2.1 

2.1 

2.3.2 C 

 

UTEX UT340-001 C 

 

 

 

 

C 2.2 12


 

2.2 C 

 

UT340


 

2.1 UT340 

- 001 


2.3.3 

 

 

 

[35-37] (1) 

 

 

 

(2) 

( 

) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40 4560 

 

K K 1.01.5 2.0 2.5 

(3) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15


 

(4) 

 

(5) 

 

 

 

 

C 

2.3.4 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[32] 1 

 

2 

0.1mm 

/ 

 

/ 

( ) 

1dB 3dB 

 

3 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16


2.3.5 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.3 

 

2.3 

 

H 

A' 

 

l F l H 

c L 

H = F −l c 

 

2.4 

2.4 cL 

 

c 

 

17


 

2.4 

l H 

2.3.6 

 

[35] 

 

H 

h H 

2.5 

c 

H > h 

2.5 

c 

L 

 

N 

 

 

 

 

 

N 

1 

2 2 

D D f 

= = 2.6 

4λ 

4c 

1 1 

2.6 c1 

 

λ1 

 

D 

 

N 

2 

2 2 

D D f 

= = 2.7 

4λ 

4c 

2 2 

2.7 c2 

 

λ2 

 

 

l1 

 

l2 

l1 

' 

 

l c 

l = l 2.8 

c 

' 1 

1 

2 

18


 

 

D f c 

l = N − l = − l 

2.9 

2 

' 1 

2 2 1 

4c2 c2 

 

l l 

2 

2 

D f 

2 

1 

l2 

4c1 c1 

2 

c 

l = − 2.10 

 

N l2 

2.10 

H = l 1 

2.8 

 

h 

 

 

2.22.4 

2.4 

 

2.5 

 

19


 

 

C 

3.1 

C 

 

 

3.1 3.1 

3.1a 

3mm6mm12mm 

a b 

3.1 

3.1 

2 

a× a mm 

tc 

mm 

t 

f 

mm 

100100 9 0.5 

3.2 

UTEX 

UT340-001 

C 

C 3.2 

C 

0.25 

1.5 

20MHz 

50MHz0.25 

1.0 

20


 

75MHz0.25 

0.5 

20MHz 

50MHz75MHz A 

 

75 

AC 

 

 

6300m/s 10.4mm0.02mm 

50mm/s 

29dB 

3.3 

3.2 C 

 

A 

C 

C 

C 

3.33.9 

3. 3 

3mm C 

21


 

3.4 

6mm C 

3.5 

12mm C 

3.6 

3mm C 

22


 

3.7 

6mm C 

3.8 

12mm C 

C 3.3 3.8 

 

 

C 

 

 

 

 

3.4 

 

[39] 3.9 

C > C 

1 2 

 

23


 

r 

F = C1 

* C 

1− 

C 

2 

3.1 

3.1 C2 

 

C1 

 

r 

 

 

λ 

F 

R 

λF 

d ≈ 3.2 

2R 

2 

λF 

L ≈ 3.3 

2 

R 

d 

6 dB L 

6 dB C 

1 

C 

2 

L 

R 

F 

− d 

24 

3.9 

 

d 

2 ~ d 

2 

C 

 

C 

C


3.5 

 

 

C 

 

 

 

C 

 

C 

25


 

 

4.1 

 

 

 

20 60 1964 

JPL 

IBM7049 

4000 

 

EMI Housfield 

X 

CTComputer Tomography CT 

1975 

EMI C 

1979 

 

 

 

70 

 

 

 

70 MIT Marr 

 

 

[40-43] 4.1.1 

 

1. 

 

 

2 

 

16 

26


 

 

 

 

 

3 

 

X 

 

 

 

RGB 

 

 

4 

 

 

 

4.1.2 

 

[40] 1. 

 

 

 

 

2. 

 

 

 

3. 

 

 

 

 

27


28 

 

4. 

 

 

 

 

5. 

 

 

 

6. 

 

 

 

 

 

C 

C 

 

 

VC++ 

 

C 

C 

4.2 

C 

 

C 

C 

 

 

 

 

 

4.2.1


 

 

 

 

 

[44] 4.2.1.1 

 

f ( x , y) 

 

S S 

 

gxy ( , ) 

f ( x , y) 

N 

1 

g( x, y) = ∑ f( x, y) 

4.1 

M 

( xy , ) ∈ S 

× N M S 

x, y = 0,1,2..., N −1 S ( x, y) 

 

 

 

4.2.1.2 

 

[45] 1971 (Turky) 

 

 

{ ij } 

 

x ,(, i j) 

∈ I 

2 

A 

y = Med f 

ij 

A 

{ ij} 

{ ( ),( ) ( , ) ( , 

2 

)} 

= Med xi+ r j+ s rs ∈A i j∈I 

4.2 

 

 

 

3 

3 55 

 

3355 77 

 

4.2.1.3 

29


 

 

 

2 

x 

− 

2 

2 

e σ 

gx ( ) = 4.3 

4.3 

σ 

 

4.2.2 

2 2 

( i + j ) 

− 

2 

2σ 

gx ( ) e 

= 4.4 

 

 

 

 

4.2.2.1 

 

f ( x , y) 

( x, y) 

 

∂f 

∂f 

∇ f ( x, y) 

= i + j 

∂x 

∂y 

4.5 

∇f( x, y) 

 

∇f( x, y) 

 

mag[ ∇ f( x, y)] =∇ | f (, x y)| 

2 2 

= ⎡ 

⎣ 

G + G ⎤ 

X Y ⎦ 

12 

2 

2 

⎡⎛∂f 

⎞ ⎛∂f 

⎞ ⎤ 

= ⎢⎜ 

+ ⎥ 

∂x 

⎟ ⎜ 

∂y 

⎟ 

⎢⎣⎝ 

⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ 

12 

4.6 

 

G G y 

 

 

x 

( ) ⎤ ( ) 

mag⎡⎣∇ f x, y ⎦ =∇ f x, y = G + G 4.7 

x y 

ϕ 

⎛Gy 

⎞ 

, = arctan⎜ ⎟ 

⎝Gx 

⎠ 

( xy) 

4.8 

30


4.2.2.2 

 

Laplace 

 

f ( x , y) 

 

( ) 

∇ f xy , =∇ f (, x y) +∇ f( x, y) 

4.9 

2 2 2 

x 

y 

∇ 2 f x 

( x , y ) 2 ∇y f( x, y) 

( f x , y) 

x y 

 

 

4.3 

 

 

 

Robert Sobel Prewitt 

 

Canny 

 

 

 

C 

 

VC++6.0 Robert Sobel Prewitt 

Canny 

 

C 

4.3.1 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Roberts 

Sobel Prewitt 

 

22 33 

31


 

 

L 

aplace 

Laplace 

 

 

Canny 

 

[46] 4.3.2 

4.3.2.1 

 

x 

f ( x+ 1, y) − f( x, y) 

4.10 

y 

f (, x y+ 1) − f( x, y) 

4.11 

 

 

 

 

 

4.1 ⎛ 0 0 0⎞ 

⎜ ⎟ 

−1 1 0 

⎜ 0 0 0⎟ 

⎝ ⎠ 

⎛0 −1 0⎞ 

⎜ ⎟ 

0 1 0 

⎜0 0 0⎟ 

⎝ ⎠ 

⎛−1 0 0⎞ 

⎜ ⎟ 

0 1 0 

⎜ 0 0 0⎟ 

⎝ ⎠ 

 

4.1 

 

 

 

4.3.2.2 Robert 

Robert 

 

32


 

( , ) ( 1, 1) 

V 

x 

f = f i j − f i+ j+ 

4.12 

( , 1) ( 1, ) 

V 

y 

f = f i j+ − f i+ 

j 

4.13 

2 2 

( , ) ( , ) 

R i j = V f + V f R i j = V f + V f 

4.14 

x y x y 

4.2 22 

⎡1 0 ⎤ 

⎢ 

0 −1 

⎥ 

⎣ ⎦ 

⎡0 1⎤ 

⎢ 

−1 0 

⎥ 

⎣ ⎦ 

4.2 Robert 

( ) 

( ) 

 

T 

R x, 

y > T 

xy , 

{ R( x, 

y) 

} 

 

Robert 

Robert 

4.3.2.3 Sobel 

Sobel 

33 

Sobel 

( , ) 

sij ∆∆ f +∆ f 

x 

y 

( 1, 1) 2 ( 1, ) ( 1, 1) ( ( 1, 1) 2 ( 1, ) ( 1, 1) 

) 

fi ( 1, j 1) 2 fij ( , 1) fi ( 1, j 1) ( fi ( 1, j 1) 2 fij ( , 1) f ( i 1, j 1) 

) 

∆ fi− j− + fi− j + fi− j+ − fi+ j− + f i+ j + f i+ j+ 

+ − − + − + + − − − + + + + + + 

4.15 

Sobel 

4.3 ⎡−1 0 1⎤ 

⎢ 

2 0 2 

⎥ 

⎢ 

− 

⎥ 

⎢⎣− 

1 0 1⎥⎦ 

⎡−1 −2 −1⎤ 

⎢ 

0 0 0 

⎥ 

⎢ ⎥ 

⎢⎣1 2 1 ⎥⎦ 

4.3 Sobel 

Sobel Sobel 

 

Sobel 

 

4.3.2.4 Prewitt 

Prewitt 

 

33


 

Pi (, j) 

Prewitt 

Sobel 

1 C = 

⎡−1 0 1⎤ 

⎢ 

1 0 1 

⎥ 

⎢ 

− 

⎥ 

⎢⎣− 

1 0 1⎥⎦ 

⎡−1 −1 −1⎤ 

⎢ 

0 0 0 

⎥ 

⎢ ⎥ 

⎢⎣1 1 1 ⎥⎦ 

34 

 

4.4 Prewitt 

 

() 

 

 

Prewitt 

 

45 o 135 

o225 

o 

 

 

Prewitt 

4.5 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 0 ⎞ ⎛1 0 −1⎞ 

⎛0 −1 −1⎞ 

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 

0 0 1 

1 0 −1 

1 0 −1 

1 0 −1 

⎜−1 −1 −1⎟ 

⎜ 

⎝ ⎠ 0 −1 −1⎟ 

⎜ 

⎝ ⎠ 1 0 −1⎟ 

⎜ 

⎝ ⎠ 1 1 0 ⎟ 

⎝ ⎠ 

 

⎛−1 −1 −1⎞ 

⎛−1 −1 0⎞ 

⎛−1 0 1⎞ 

⎛ 0 1 1⎞ 

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 

0 0 0 

−1 0 1 

−1 0 1 

−1 0 1 

⎜ 1 1 1 ⎟ ⎜ 

⎝ ⎠ 0 1 1⎟ 

⎜ 

⎝ ⎠ −1 0 1⎟ 

⎜ 

⎝ ⎠ −1 −1 0⎟ 

⎝ ⎠ 

 

4.5 Prewitt 

Prewitt 

(1) 8 

 

(2) 

(3) 

 

(4) 

Prewitt


 

4.3.3 

 

 

 

 

{ ( )} 

Laplace 

 

f xy , 

( xy , ) 

( ) 

∂ f 

∂x 

∂ f 

∂y 

2 2 

2 

∇ f ( xy , ) = + 

2 2 

f xy , 

2 

( xy , ) 

2 

∆ ( xy , ) 

x 

f 

y 

f 

( , ) ( , ) ( , ) 

2 2 2 

x 

y 

4.16 

∇ f xy =∆ f xy +∆ f xy 

4.17 

∆ ( f xyx , ) y 

 

( , ) x ( , ) y ( , ) 

= 4 f ( xy , ) − f ( xy , −1) − f ( x−1, y) − f ( xy , + 1) − f ( x+ 

1, y) 

2 2 2 

∇ f xy =∆ f xy +∆ f xy 

 

4.7 ⎛0 1 0⎞ 

⎛1 1 1⎞ 

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 

1 −4 1 

1 −8 1 

⎜0 1 0⎟ 

⎜ 

⎝ ⎠ 1 1 1⎟ 

⎝ ⎠ 

⎛ 0 −1 0 ⎞ ⎛−1 −1 −1⎞ 

⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 

−1 4 −1 

−1 8 −1 

⎜ 0 −1 0 ⎟ ⎜ 

⎝ ⎠ −1 −1 −1⎟ 

⎝ ⎠ 

4.18 

(a) 

b 

4.6 

 

 

Laplace 

4.7a 

 

 

Marr Gauss 

Laplace 

 

LOG( Laplace of Gaussian LOG) 

 

LOG LOG 

4.7b 

35


4.3.4 Canny 

 

⎡−2 −4 −4 −4 −2⎤ 

⎡−1 −1 −1 

⎢ 

⎤ 

4 0 8 0 4 

⎥ 

⎢ 

− 

− 

⎥ 

⎢ 

−1 8 −1 

⎥ 

⎢ 

⎢ ⎥ 

− 4 8 24 8 −4⎥ 

⎢ 

⎥ 

⎢⎣−1 −1 −1⎥⎦ 

⎢−4 0 8 0 −4⎥ 

⎢ 

⎣−2 −4 −4 −4 −2⎥ 

⎦ 

a 

bLOG 

4.7 

LOG 

Canny 

1986 John 

Canny 

 

1 

 

2 

 

Canny 

 

 

[47] Canny 

[4849] 

4.8 

4.8 Canny 

36


 

1 

Canny 

 

 

1 ⎛ x + y 

Gxy ( , ) = exp 

2 ⎜− 

2 

2πσ 

⎝ 2σ 

⎡∂G 

∂x⎤ 

∆ G = ⎢ 

∂G 

∂y 

⎥ 

⎣ ⎦ 

2 2 

⎞ 

⎟ 

⎠ 

4.17 

4.18 

σ 

Gaussian σ 1.4 

σ 

σ ( ) 

2 

Canny g x, 

y 

x y P( x, 

y) 

( Qxy , ) . 

g ( xy , + 1 ) − gxy ( , ) + gx ( + 1, y+ 1) − gx ( + 1, y) 

P( x, 

y) 

≈ 4.19 

2 

( , ) 

Q x y 

( ) 

g xy , − gx ( + 1, y) + gxy (, + 1) − gx ( + 1, y+ 

1) 

≈ 4.20 

2 

22 

x y 

 

2 2 

M( xy , ) P ( xy , ) Q ( xy , ) 

( x, y) arctan ⎡Q( x, y) P( x, 

y) 

= + 4.21 

θ = ⎣ + ⎤⎦ 4.22 

3 

 

Canny 

Canny 

 

 

 

8 

 

4Canny 

 

τ1 

τ 2 

τ 1 

< τ 2 

 

 

τ2 

 

T2 

τ1 

T1 

T2 

 

 

T1 

 

T2 

T1 

 

Canny 

 

 

Canny 37


 

Canny 

canny 

 

Canny 2× 2 

 

canny 

 

 

Canny 

 

 

Canny 

C 

C 

 

 

C 4.4 

 

C 

 

Prewitt 

Robert Canny 

 

38


 

 

C 

VC++ 

Visual C++6.0 

C++ 

Object-Oriented Programming OOP 

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铝蜂窝夹层结构的无损检测研究 

作者 : 

张丽琴 

学位授予单位 : 南京航空航天大学 


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本文链接 :http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis_D076336.aspx

南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文铝蜂窝夹层结构的无损检测研究姓名 ...

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