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J.M. Rey Benayas 2010. Restoration of biodiversity and ecosystem services in cropland 738 Active restoration basically consists in planting trees and shrubs. It is needed when abandoned land suffers continuos degradation, local vegetation cover cannot be recovered and secondary succession should be accelerated, among others. The European Union has paid farmers for afforestation since 1990, offering grants to turn farmland back into forest and payments for the management of such forest. Between 1993 and 1997, EU afforestation policies made possible the afforestation of over 5,000 Km 2 of land. A second program, running between 2000 and 2006, afforested in excess of ca. 1,000 Km 2 of land. A third such program began in 2007. Much of the forthcoming afforested land will occur in former vineyards that occupied ca. 3.4 million hectares in the EU-25 by 2006. In Spain, during the first five years of the 2000 decade, the recovery of forests has reached 152,400 ha/year, of which 16% are plantations (FAO 2006). On top of this, 700,000 ha were reforested during 1993-2006 thanks to the incentives of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. This amount of reforested agricultural land will increase as removal of vineyards is intended to be 175,000 ha in the 2008-2011 period, 44,090 of which have already been extirpated in 2008-2009. Most afforestations of former cropland in Mediterranean Europe has based on coniferous species, though other species such as eucalyptus and oaks have been used. There is debate about the ecological benefits of these afforestations, some of which are controversial. The trade-off among different types of ecosystem services and biodiversity values is at the core of such debate. For instance, the fast-growing plantations are better for carbon sequestration per time unit than secondary succession of shrubland and woodland, and they may provide timber in the future. However, they may cause damage to open habitat species, especially birds which are of conservation concern in Europe, by substracting amount of high quality habitat and increasing risk of predation. Further, these plantations have been shown to be suitable habitats just for generalist forest birds but not for specialist forest birds (Rey Benayas et al. 2010a). 4. Innovating vegetation restoration in agricultural landscapes The reconstruction of vegetation in a landscape (“where and when to revegetate”) is an issue that deserves to become a research priority (Munro et al. 2009). The problems with existing methods to restore woodlands in agricultural landscapes should not give rise to pessimism, but instead inspire researchers to devise new creative solutions. A realistic view of conservation must acknowledge the conservation value of the agricultural matrix in forest landscapes. A focus on the matrix is required if we are serious about solving the biodiversity crisis, and that matrix is usually an agro-ecosystem of some sort (Vandermeer and Perfecto 2007). Thus, agrosuccessional restoration schemes are proposed, which include agroecological and agroforestry techniques as a step prior to forest restoration (Vieira et al. 2009). We suggest a different concept for designing restoration of forest ecosystems on agricultural land, which uses small-scale active restoration as a driver for passive restoration over much larger areas. This could increase the economic feasibility of large-scale restoration projects and facilitate the involvement of local human communities in the restoration process. Establishment of “woodland islets” is an approach to designing restoration of woodlands in extensive agricultural landscapes where no remnants of native natural vegetation exist (Rey Benayas et al. 2008). Whereas passive restoration leaves reforestation to chance and active restoration usually requires a large input of resources, the woodland islets approach provides an intermediate degree of intervention. It allows direction of secondary succession by establishing small colonisation foci, while using a fraction of the resources required for large-scale reforestation. In addition it maintains flexibility of land use, which is critical in agricultural landscapes where land use is subject to a number of fluctuating policy and economic drivers. The approach involves planting a number of small (some tens or a few hundreds of m 2 ), densely-planted (e.g. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
J.M. Rey Benayas 2010. Restoration of biodiversity and ecosystem services in cropland 739 one introduced seedling per 2 m 2 ), and sparse (some tens or hundreds of m apart) blocks of native trees within agricultural land that together occupy a tiny fraction of the area of target land to be restored, e.g.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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S.G. Plexida & A.I. Sfougaris 2010.
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A. Poljanec & A. Boncina 2010. Chan
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M. Redon & S. Luque 2010. Tengmalm
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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S.M. Carvalho & A.R. de Freitas 201
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Quant
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I. Duarte & F.C. Rego 2010. Land us
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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F.J. Gómez et al. 2010. Land use c
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Iden
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.T.C. Rodrigues & V. Silva 2010. L
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J. Schaefer-Santos & C. Lingnau 201
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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A.L. Teixido et al. 2010. Impacts o
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Assessin
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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J.C. Azevedo et al. 2010. Spatial d
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V. Caboun 2010. New classification
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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A.M. Geraldes & M.J. Boavida 2010.
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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A. Migliozzi et al. 2010. Land-use
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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P. Angelstam & M. Elbakidze. 2010.
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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M. Elbakidze et al. 2010. Does fore
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E. Kouhgardi & M. Akbarzadeh 2010.
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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N. Stryamets et al. 2010. Role of n
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E. Volkova 2010. The regional analy
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I. Silva et al. 2010. Lisbon’s pu
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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E.R. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Multi
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J.L. Hernández-Stefanoni et al. 20
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E. Penot 2010. Socio-economic diagn
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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S. Decout et al. 2010. Connectivity
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S. Joost et al. 2010. GEOME. Toward
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B. Terrones et al. 2010. Detecting
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M. Kolström et al. 2010. Is it pos
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