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C. Estreguil & G. Caudullo 2010. Harmonized measurements of spatial pattern and connectivity 730 Harmonized measurements of spatial pattern and connectivity: application to forest habitats in the EBONE European Project Christine Estreguil * & Giovanni Caudullo Joint Research Centre of the European Commission Institute for Environment and Sustainability T.P.261, Via Enrico Fermi 1, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy Abstract Within the EBONE European project (“European Biodiversity Observation NEtwork”), finegrained maps of harmonized “General Habitat Categories” are available for sixty 1 km 2 samples located in Austria, Sweden and France. Three methods were proposed to map and assess automatically the spatial pattern and connectivity of habitats. They were demonstrated for forest phanerophytes habitats. Forest spatial pattern maps were obtained from mathematical morphology (GUIDOS freeware applying a 25 m edge size) to discriminate core forest, their boundaries, connectors between core areas and islets as small non-core elements. Landscape pattern mosaic maps were generated with a Landscape Mosaic Index to characterize the forest surroundings in a disk of 25 m radius. The two pattern maps were overlaid. A “Similarity” index was proposed to assess the pre-dominance of natural habitats (thus a similar/permeable forest – non forest interface) and of anthropogenic habitats (possibly fragmentation due to cultivated or artificial land use) in the context of the forest boundaries, connectors and islets. Forest interior areas were delineated with edge sizes depending on the similarity with their adjacent habitats. Finally, two forest connectivity indices (one with CONEFOR freeware) were computed for species with 500m dispersal capabilities on the basis of habitat availability, matrix permeability and inter-patch least-cost distances. The two indices were compared. Keywords: spatial pattern, connectivity, forest habitat, European reporting 1. Introduction The European EBONE project (European Biodiversity Observation Network, http://www.ebone.wur.nl/UK) aims at European-wide habitat mapping, the delivery of habitat area estimates and the characterization of landscape level habitat pattern, fragmentation and connectivity as it is requested in the SEBI 2010 process (Streamlining European 2010 Biodiversity Indicators). Methodologies should be standardized and easily repeatable across scales, using existing capabilities from national/regional habitat monitoring programmes. Reporting is expected using the thirteen environmental zones from the European Environmental Stratification (Metzger et al., 2005) based on climatic and topographic data at a 1 km 2 resolution. The EBONE in-situ database offers harmonized habitat field based maps (seamless vector layer with 400 m 2 Minimum Mapping Unit) over several 1km 2 samples thanks to the currently ongoing conversion of national data into the common BioHab General Habitat Categories (GHCs, Bunce et al., 2005 - figure 1). GHCs are organized in 5 super-categories i.e. whether the land surface element is ‘Urban’, ‘Cultivated’, ‘Sparsely Vegetated’ (vegetation cover below 30%), * Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 0332 785422 - Fax: +39 0332 786165 Email address: christine.estreguil@jrc.ec.europa.eu Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
C. Estreguil & G. Caudullo 2010. Harmonized measurements of spatial pattern and connectivity 731 ‘Herbaceous’, ‘Trees or Shrubs’. Each element is described according to 16 life forms based on plant structural characteristics like plant height and leaf retention division. For example, phanerophytes are classified as forest when above 5 m height. For this study, available samples including forest phanerophytes were 16 in Sweden (NILS: National Inventory of Landscapes http://nils.slu.se), 39 in Austria (SINUS: Spatial INdices for land-Use Sustainability), and 11 in the French Provence Cote d’Azur (PACA) region (Figure1). DESCRIPTION CODES Austria France Sweden URBAN Artificial (buildings) URB/ART X X Non vegetated URB/NON X X Vegetable gardens URB/VEG X X X Herbaceous (garden, parks) URB/GRA X X Woddy (garden tree/shrubs) URB/TRE X CULTIVATED Herbaceous crops CUL/CRO X X X Bare ground CUL/SPA X Woody crops CUL/WOC X X HERBACEOUS Leafy Hemicryptophytes HER/LHE X X X Caespitose Hemicryptophytes HER/CHE X X Cryptogams HER/CRY X Helophytes HER/HEL X Therophytes HER/THE X TREES/SHRUBS Shrubby chamaephytes TRS/SCH X Low Phanerophytes evergreen TRS/LPH X Mid Phanerophytes TRS/MPH X X Tall Phanerophytes TRS/TPH X X Forest Phanerophytes TRS/FPH X X X SPARSELY VEGETATED Aquatic SPV/AQU X X Terrestrial SPV/TER X X UNCLASSIFIED INA X Figure 1: General Habitat Categories from the available 1km 2 samples per country (left) and localization of the samples (red dots) per environmental zones (right) Available definitions of habitat pattern are first based on landscape structure and further refined by considering organisms’ behavioral responses to the landscape: 1. The landscape level spatial pattern of a habitat simply refers to the spatial arrangement or configuration of this habitat across the landscape. 2. Fragmentation refers to the entire process of habitat loss and isolation. Isolation means lack of connectivity and is more complicated than simple distance. 3. Connectivity refers to the “degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes movement of organisms among resource patches”. It depends on habitat availability and spatial distribution, species’ dispersal abilities and response to the nature of the matrix. From literature on forest fragmentation, interior forest habitats are remnant minus an edge of a certain width. They retain similar abiotic and biotic conditions to pre-fragmented conditions and do not experience strong influences from neighboring patches of other land cover categories. The width of recently exposed edges, measured by two tree heights, could range from 20 m to 160 m. Adjacent land cover types possibly influence the development of the forest edge communities and interior habitat. Depending on their similarity to the forest habitats, interfaces are more or less permeable. In temperate regions, shift in land uses at forest edges may be more important than direct forest loss. Forests fragmented by anthropogenic sources are intuitively more vulnerable to further fragmentation than forest fragmented by natural causes. 2. Methodology Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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M. Redon & S. Luque 2010. Tengmalm
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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E. Kouhgardi & M. Akbarzadeh 2010.
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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E.R. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Multi
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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S. Decout et al. 2010. Connectivity
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