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A. Ouin et al. 2010. Do wooded elements in agricultural landscape contribute to biological control in crops 724 Do wooded elements in agricultural landscape contribute to biological control in crops A. Ouin 1 , M. Deconchat 2 , P. Menozzi 3 , C. Monteil 1 , L. Raison 2 , A. Roume 2 , J.P. Sarthou 1 , A. Vialatte 1 & G. Balent 2 1 Université de Toulouse, UMR DYNAFOR, INRA / INP-ENSAT, BP 32607, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. 2 INRA, UMR DYNAFOR, INRA / INP-ENSAT, BP 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France 3 CIRAD, UPR 10, 34 398 Montpellier, France Abstract Wooded landscape elements are supposed to enhance biological control of pest thanks to natural enemies by provided with alternative preys, nectar and pollen resources, and refuges against unfavourable weather conditions. On the basis of two research studies in south western France we identified key features in woody elements contributing to biological control. The first study monitored in 14 winter wheat fields during 5 years aphids and aphidophagous hoverflies abundance in two landscapes differing in woodlot density. Landscape with the higher (27%) wood cover sheltered higher hoverfly abundance during the early spring period (beginning of aphid pullulation), thus providing them with higher potential regulation capabilities. Afterwards, the difference decreased during the season. The second study dealt with ground beetles overwintering in woods. Taking advantage of emergence traps, we showed that many carabid species, including species controlling pest, overwinter in woodlots before colonizing fields. Within woodlot, distance from edge influenced abundance of overwintering carabids. Keywords: landscape, hoverfly, carabid, woodlot, pest regulation 1. Introduction Because most of the natural enemies of crop pests feed in fields but usually carry out other life cycle steps, like overwintering, in semi-natural habitats of farmland (Groeger, 1993), many studies focus on the important role of the latter, such as hedges, field margins, "beetle banks" and fallows, in increasing their populations and in improving their efficiency as control agents (Russel, 1989; Landis et al., 2000; Gurr et al., 2004). This is most probably because these seminatural habitats have a more buffered micro-climate, are less subject to agricultural disturbance than fields themselves and provide complementary or alternative food resources for larvae and adults. A lot of studies have focused on overwintering of beneficial arthropods in field margins (Thomas et al., 1992). Fewer studies looked at woodlots as potential overwintering sites. Nevertheless, in temperate rural landscapes, forest cover can be as high as 30% with a high proportion of small woodlots. In such situations, woodlots, which are in close contact with agriculture, are likely to play an important role as a refuge for overwintering beneficial arthropods (e.g. Sarthou et al., 2005). Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
A. Ouin et al. 2010. Do wooded elements in agricultural landscape contribute to biological control in crops 725 The two studies presented in this paper tested the role of woodlots in controlling the population densities of beneficial insects at two different spatial scales. In the first study, we tested if there are more hoverflies and potential aphid control in wheat parcels surrounded by woodlots. In the second study, we estimated the overwintering density of ground beetles in different parts of a woodlot, from the edge to its core. 2. Methodology The study region lies between the Garonne and Gers rivers, in south-western France (c. lat: 43°, long: 1°). This region is hilly (200-400m. alt.), dissected by south-north valleys, within a sub- Atlantic climate zone subject to both Mediterranean and montane influences. Forest covers 15% of the area and is composed of multiple small, private forest fragments (Balent & Courtiade, 1992). Landscapes include a mix of cropland (winter cereals, sunflower, rape, and maize or soya in irrigated lowland), pastures, and small coppice woodlots. Semi-natural habitats are hedges, field margins, woodlots, fallow lands and stream plus ditch edges. Spring abundance of hoverflies was studied in wheat fields in two landscapes differing by wood density: 27% versus 15%. Wood density was determined using a land cover classification based on four satellite images (Multiband mode, April 2001, July 2001, October 2001 and January 2002). Aphidophagous hoverfly (larvae and eggs) and aphid abundances were recorded in twelve wheat fields (6 in each landscape) in spring 2003 (April, May, June), then 14 were monitored from spring 2004 to spring 2007. We selected a woodlot that was representative of the site with respect to area (11 ha), vegetation composition (dominated by Quercus robur and Q. pubescens) and management (coppices with standing trees), and for which we had data on previous logging events. We set up 45 emergence traps in the woodlot, according to the distance from the boundary. The boundary of the woodlot was defined as the line joining the bases of the first trees (diameter at 1.3 m > 10 cm) belonging to the woodlot. We selected three separated zones of the woodlot according to the distance from its boundary: the edge zone (0 m to 3 m from the boundary, 12 traps), the center (75 m to 100 m, 17 traps) and an intermediate zone (25 m to 50 m, 16 traps). To trap ground beetles, we chose the method of emergence traps because it makes it possible to estimate true densities of insects in very limited areas without the disadvantage of catching larvae as with soil and litter sampling, larvae being more difficult to identify. The traps were enclosed areas of 1.8 m² and were made of 0.5 mm mesh, looking like tents which sides were buried into the soil (5 cm depth). Each emergence trap included two recipients for insects: an upper recipient half-filled with 70% ethanol at the top of the trap to catch flying and climbing insects and a lower recipient level with the soil surface with 50% propylene-glycol (i.e. a pitfall trap inside the tent) to catch epigeous arthropods. The recipients were collected once a month from early March to late October 2008. Ground beetles were identified to species level (Jeannel, 1942). Then, species were pooled in three groups according to their habitat preference reported in other studies (Jeannel, 1942; Thiele, 1977; Thomas et al., 2002; Luff, 2002): forest species, which adults are caught mainly in wooded habitats with pitfall traps, open habitat species. and generalist species, found in both types of habitat. Variables used in the analysis were thus total densities of ground beetles per trap, species richness and densities of individuals in each of the three groups listed above, per trap. 3. Result Spring abundance of hoverflies and aphids in wheat fields Overall, there were more aphids and hoverflies in the wooded landscape than in the non wooded landscape. When summing all the records in a spring, there is no significant difference in Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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