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J.P. Nunes et al. 2010. Impacts of wildfires on catchment hydrology 700 3. Research at the hillslope scale This research was carried out for six hillslopes close to Albergaria, central Portugal: four burnt in 2005 (Açores 1&2, Jafafe 1&2) and two burnt in 2006 (Soutelo 1&2). All slopes were covered by eucalypt prior to the wildfires, and represent different management options including terracing and downslope ploughing. Meteorology, runoff and erosion were monitored weekly in each slope; soil surface and subsurface conditions were monitored bi-weekly using 5- point transects. Figure 3 shows some measured results for the slope Açores 1, as reported by Keizer et al. (2008). They illustrate one of the main findings of this study regarding slope-scale hydrology in burnt hillslopes. Soils in these slopes are highly water repellent immediately after fires; the repellency decreases at the start of the wet season, and reappears during the following dry season (although it can reestablish during dry spells in the wet season, as shown in the figure for the winter of 2007). Repellency and soil water storage are closely related, and reasonable amounts of rainfall falling on repellent soils might not lead to an increase of soil water. Consequently, rainfall events at the start of the wet season (or during other periods with high soil water repellency) might lead to increased runoff rates when compared with events in the middle and end of this season; this has the potential for increasing flood risks at the catchment scale which might be difficult to predict if repellency is not taken into account. 4. Watershed-scale research: micro- and meso-scale catchments Research at the watershed scale is shown for two micro-catchment sites, Colmeal (central Portugal) and Esteiro (Galicia); and one meso-catchment site, Águeda (central Portugal). Colmeal is a micro-catchment (60 ha) which burnt almost completely in 2008; it was instrumented with a number of slope-scale plots, while runoff and sediment data was also collected at the catchment outlet in a multi-scale sampling approach. Preliminary results indicate that runoff and erosion are concentrated in the first months after the wildfire, at the start of the vegetation disturbance and when soil water repellency is high. They also indicate a nonlinear relationship between slope-scale and catchment-scale runoff, as the latter also depends on subsurface flow and saturation-excess runoff generation close to the water line. The Esteiro fire occurred in 2007; two paired micro-catchments were instrumented, each with around 450 ha (Figure 5). The Maior catchment was partially burnt while the Arestiño catchment was not. Preliminary results indicate that runoff was more irregular in the burnt catchment, with higher values in the winter immediately following the wildfires and lower values in the subsequent summer (close to zero). These results might indicate an impact of wildfires on increasing the irregularity of water resources provisioning, although differences in the underlying geology of both catchments might also play a role in differentiating the hydrological regimes. The Águeda fire occurred in 1986, and burned c. 25% of the upper Águeda river basin. Given the scarcity of hydrological data for this wildfire (runoff was only measured at the outlet), a modeling approach is being used to estimate the impacts on runoff and water balance on subcatchments with different burnt areas. The approach relies on the SWAT model (Neitsch et al., 2005), capable of simulating a number of processes inside meso-scale catchments, including water balance, surface and subsurface runoff, soil erosion, nutrient exports and vegetation regrowth (including human management operations). The current modeling approach relies on simulating 5-10 years in both burnt and unburnt conditions, therefore evaluating the different impacts for dry and wet years as well as assess the relative importance of wildfires and climate variability for watershed-scale water yield. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
J.P. Nunes et al. 2010. Impacts of wildfires on catchment hydrology 701 References Carvalho, A.C., Carvalho, A., Miranda, A.I., Borrego, C., and Rocha, A., 2001. Climatic Change and the Fire Weather Risk. In: M. Brunet India and D. López Bonillo (Eds.). Detecting and Modelling Regional Climate Change. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag: 555-565. Ferreira, A.J.D., Coelho, C.O.A., Ritsema, C.J., Boulet, A.K., and Keizer, J.J., 2008. Soil and water degradation processes in burned areas: Lessons learned from a nested approach. Catena 74: 273-285. Keizer, J.J., Doerr, S.H., Malvar, M.C., Prats, S.A., Ferreira, R.S.V., Oñate, M.G., Coelho, C.O.A., and Ferreira, A.J.D., 2008. Temporal variation in topsoil water repellency in two recently burnt eucalypt stands in north-central Portugal. Catena 74: 192–204. Larsen, I.J., and MacDonald, L.H., 2007. Predicting postfire sediment yields at the hillslope scale: testing RUSLE and Disturbed WEPP. Water Resources Research 43: W11412. Neitsch, S.L., Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R., and Williams, J.R., 2005. Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation (version 2005). Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Temple, Texas, 494 p. Pereira, H.M, Domingos, T., and Vicente, L. (editors), 2004. Portugal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: State of the Assessment Report. Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal, 68 p. Puigdefábregas, J., 1998. Ecological impacts of global change on drylands and their implications for desertification. Land Degrad. Develop., 9: 393-406. Shakesby, R.A., and Doerr, S.H., 2006. Wildfire as a hydrological and geomorphological agent. Earth-Science Reviews 74: 269-307. Figure 1: location of the study areas in the Iberian Peninsula, over a map of the aridity index (left). Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Iden
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Migliozzi et al. 2010. Land-use
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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Page 732 and 733: E. Andrieu et al. 2010. When forest
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