Landscapes Forest and Global Change - ESA - Escola Superior ...

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M. Kolström et al. 2010. Is it possible to combine adaptation to climate change and maintaining of forest biodiversity 688 regeneration of suitable species increase spatial heterogeneity (e.g. Spiecker 2003). A dense forest road network is the prerequisite to small-scale, structurally diverse thinning and harvesting practices under adaptive management. In complex terrain such as mountain forests, the vital forest functions are depending on such measures (Brang et al. 2006; Woltjer et al. 2008). Moreover, infrastructure supports the mitigation of large scale disturbance impacts. This however leads to fragmentation of ecosystems and has adverse effects to the biodiversity. Reducing forest fragmentation by establishing connecting corridors between densely forested regions contributes to increasing the natural adaptive capacity. Establishing a network of corridors and stepping stones connecting protected areas has been suggested as an adaptive strategy to assist species as they migrate in response to climate change (Halpin 1997; Harrington et al. 2001). Corridors should be built to aid in the migration of species to other protected areas when an extreme event has occurred (Bridgewater and Woodin 1990). Forest management planning describes the processes of problem identification, development of alternatives and selection of alternatives, embedded in an adaptive management cycle (cf. Rauscher 1999). One significant selection is the length of rotation, i.e. the period of years between when a forest stand is established and when it receives its final harvest. A shortening of rotation length is an adaptation option in regions with increasing forest growth, like in mountainous or boreal environments. The reduced rotation length will also lower the risk of financial losses due to calamities and counteract the reduced management flexibilities induced by excessive levels of sanitation felling (e.g. Wermelinger 2004). However, structural changes of lower rotation lengths need to be considered with regard to other forest services, like biodiversity via loss of large diameter trees. 3. Landscape approach may be a solution Landscape level approach would allow building a combination of highly adaptive stands with simultaneous high level biodiversity and stands where adaptation measures do not support biodiversity. This is however a complex task and gets even more complicated since also economic and social standpoints have to be taken into account. The measure might be relevant from ecological point of view, but not in economic or social point of view. Since disturbance agents will gain more importance under the climate change, landscape level forest planning, balancing stand level management goals and integrated forest protection measures, is of increasing importance. A key approach in risk management is diversification of tree species mixtures and management approaches between neighbouring forest stands or within a forestry district to increase adaptive capacity (Lindner 2000; Bodin and Wiman 2007; Lindner 2007). In developing alternative management strategies, forest planning aggregates stand scale management options and aims for concerted application at the landscape level. Promotion of diversity in landscape structure is seen as a strategy to promote resilience of forest ecosystems. At larger geographical scales of management units and forest landscapes, various strategies can be combined. For example, preferring natural regeneration in mixed forests with long rotation cycles is incompatible with planting productive genotypes managed in short rotation cycles. Identifying suitable landscape level management strategies can be facilitated with decision support systems which include necessary simulation models. Integrated ecosystem models, for instance, Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
M. Kolström et al. 2010. Is it possible to combine adaptation to climate change and maintaining of forest biodiversity 689 offer means to consistently project effects of adapted management on a variety of sustainable forest management indicators. The development of integrated, model-based decision support tools relying on multi-criteria analysis as a means to integrate stakeholders could offer means to improve the science – policy –practice interface. A benefit of the landscape approach is that it includes also socio-economic aspects. The socioeconomic adaptive capacity of some region can be improved by investing into infrastructure, research and increasing awareness of suitable adaptation measures. One example of a link between ecological and social aspects is conservation areas; two or more protected areas can be linked to one another with corridors, which aim to help protect the biodiversity. Biological corridors are sections of land managed via a combination of voluntary agreements or compensation packages with the owners of the land (McNeely 1994). 4. Discussion There are quite many examples of adaptive management measures to climate change which are supporting biodiversity of forests. But there are also measures which are harmful from biodiversity point of view. Thus, is it possible to combine adaptation to climate change and maintaining of forest biodiversity The landscape approach is a good solution to this complex situation. If a measure provides win-win –situation for adaptation and biodiversity, it should be certainly used. Otherwise we should choose our object either adaptation or biodiversity for a stand, and at landscape level have a good balance of the measures to achieve good level of biodiversity as well as adaptation. A successful realisation of adaptation measures is possible only if all policy makers at different levels, affected stakeholder groups, forest owners and forest workers are aware what measures are suitable and why they are used. It is of utmost importance to disseminate the knowledge on suitable adaptation measures and their impacts on biodiversity to all stakeholder groups, who need to implement the measures on the ground. For example, risk management in forestry can be promoted by educational efforts (Zebisch et al. 2005). Appropriate tools and systems are also necessary to support dissemination. References Bodin, P. and Wiman, B.L.B., 2007. The usefulness of stability concepts in forest management when coping with increasing climate uncertainties. Forest Ecology and Management, 242: 541-552. Brang, P., Schönenberger, W., Frehner, M., Schwitter, R., Thormann, J. and Wasser, B., 2006. Management of protection forests in the European Alps: An overview. Forest Snow and Landscape Research, 80: 23-44. Bridgewater, P. and Woodin, S.J., 1990. Global warming and nature conservation. Land Use Policy, 7: 165-168. Halpin, P.N., 1997. Global climate change and natural-area protection: Management responses and research directions. Ecological Applications, 7: 828-843. Harrington, R., Fleming, R.A. and Woiwod, I.P., 2001. Climate change impacts on insect management and conservation in temperate regions: can they be predicted Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 3: 233-240. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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S.G. Plexida & A.I. Sfougaris 2010.
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M. Redon & S. Luque 2010. Tengmalm
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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S.M. Carvalho & A.R. de Freitas 201
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Quant
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I. Duarte & F.C. Rego 2010. Land us
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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F.J. Gómez et al. 2010. Land use c
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Iden
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.T.C. Rodrigues & V. Silva 2010. L
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J. Schaefer-Santos & C. Lingnau 201
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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A.L. Teixido et al. 2010. Impacts o
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Assessin
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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J.C. Azevedo et al. 2010. Spatial d
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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A.M. Geraldes & M.J. Boavida 2010.
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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A. Migliozzi et al. 2010. Land-use
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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P. Angelstam & M. Elbakidze. 2010.
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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M. Elbakidze et al. 2010. Does fore
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E. Kouhgardi & M. Akbarzadeh 2010.
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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N. Stryamets et al. 2010. Role of n
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Section 9 Symposia
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Measures of landscape structure as
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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