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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking into account local people’s livelihood systems for a better management of fragments 632 This is comprehensible as timber is tradable much better in villages far from the massif than near the massif. This existing trade far from the massif can be explained by the increasing scarcity of wood and the growing population farther away from the massif. Additionally, timber can be sold to families in other villages which can not walk this far to find wood. Another reason for the better trade far from the massif is the proximity to markets. If they live near the massif, farmers have to walk for 6-8 hours to reach the next market to sell their wood. This is almost impossible because farmers have to carry the wood on their shoulders. Contrary to the case of timber, the trade of non-timber-forest-products (NTFPs) is not significantly related to the massif proximity. On the one hand, NTFPs are still available in a higher amount and better quality in the massif than in the fragments (Fedele 2010), what allows a better trade for people living near the massif. On the other hand, NTFPs are easier to carry for long distances thus people living near the massif can walk 8 hours to the next market. Figure 3: Income generated by NTFP and timber from forested landscapes From the results presented in Figure 3 we would assume that people far from the massif perceive forested landscapes more important for income than people living near the massif. But this is not the case. People living near the massif perceive forested landscapes (including both categories massif and fragments) not less important than people far from the massif. This can be seen in Figure 4, which shows the results of the distribution of 100 pebbles according to the perceived importance of different forested landscapes for income (see 2.3 Scoring exercises). The results showed no significant difference for the relation between distance and importance of forested landscapes. Obviously, the quantification of importance by income (Figure 3) does not reflect the actual perception of the local population (Figure 4). We asked the different groups for reasons explaining the given importance of forested landscapes, even though the effective income from forest was not that high. The explanation was that the continuous availability of forest products was more crucial than the effective income. Products from forested landscapes are always available and, although to a limited extent, always tradeable. This is a significant characteristic for crisis and periods of rice shortage. Forest products can not all be destroyed by cyclones, whereas crops are always in danger. Nevertheless, Figure 4 points out the increasing importance of fragments (Analysis of variance: F 3, 18 = 4.01, P = 0.024) and decreasing importance of the massif (Analysis of variance: F 3, 18 = 3.23, P = 0.047) with growing distance between village and massif. These trends go into the same directions as already shown in Figure 1. While the results in Figure 1 are related to the importance of forested lands for all different categories of goods and products, Figure 4 is only related to products that can be sold. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking into account local people’s livelihood systems for a better management of fragments 633 Figure 4: The perceived importance of forested landscapes for income, including only the category income (see 2.3 Scoring exercises) 4 Discussion This short paper has strived to explain that by the local population, forest fragments and forest massifs are not perceived as the same. The importance of fragments is related to quantitative opportunities and local livelihood strategies, which must be understood in a holistic view of livelihood systems. We assume that if forest fragments are not taken into account in future forest management plans, this can lead to social conflicts between villagers. Forest management plans in Madagascar normally consider wider areas, including villages far and near the massif in the same management plans. Furthermore, there is no differentiation between fragments and the massif. But we observed that people make the difference between fragments and the massif. Additionally, farmers do perceive the importance of forest fragments differently with increasing distance to the massif. These different views and following strategies can lead to conflicts between villages. Therefore, we recommend that in regional planning of natural resources, different views and strategies must be identified and considered to counter possible sources of conflicts. Thus forested landscapes should be explored in a holistic context of local people’s livelihood. References Fedele, G. 2010. Local management strategies and their influence on the distribution of Pandanaceae in a forest mosaic landscape at the East Coast of Madagascar. Masters Thesis. ETH, Zurich. Harper, G. J., M. K. Steininger, C. J. Tucker, D. Juhn, and F. Hawkins. 2008. Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar. Environmental Conservation 34:325-333. Nadel. 2007. Working with a Sustainable Livelihood Approach. NADEL, DEZA, Zürich,. Pfund, J.-L., T. O'Connor, P. Koponen, and J.-M. Boffa. 2006. Transdisciplinary research to promote biodiversity conservation and enhanced management of tropical landscape mosaics. IUFRO Landscape Ecology Conference, Italy. Sheil, D. and N. Liswanti. 2006. Scoring the Importance of Tropical Forest Landscapes with Local People: Patterns and Insights. Environmental Management 38:126-136. Shvidenko, A., J. Sven Erik, and F. Brian. 2008. Deforestation. Encyclopedia of Ecology. Academic Press, Oxford Pages 853-859. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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S.G. Plexida & A.I. Sfougaris 2010.
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Quant
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I. Duarte & F.C. Rego 2010. Land us
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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F.J. Gómez et al. 2010. Land use c
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Iden
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.T.C. Rodrigues & V. Silva 2010. L
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J. Schaefer-Santos & C. Lingnau 201
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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A.L. Teixido et al. 2010. Impacts o
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Assessin
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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P. Angelstam & M. Elbakidze. 2010.
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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E. Kouhgardi & M. Akbarzadeh 2010.
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Management and conservation of Medi
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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