Landscapes Forest and Global Change - ESA - Escola Superior ...

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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking into account local people’s livelihood systems for a better management of fragments 630 Table 2: Categories of landscape types Landscape types River Irrigated rice fields Tavy Safoka Marsh Forest massif Fragments Village garden Tanimboly Definition Water and riverside Irrigated, permanent rice fields Cultivation of rice and other products on slopes after slash-and-burn Secondary vegetation without cultivation Wet and periodically or permanent flooded ground Permanent natural tree cover connected to the forest massif. Permanent natural tree cover not connected to the forest massif. Trees and plants cultivated in the village around the houses Traditional agroforestry system with trees and annual crops Categories Food Medicine House construction Tools Fire wood Weaving Income Hunting Table 3: Categories of goods and products Definition Plants, products or animals which can be eaten Natural products used for medicine and health Materials to build houses Materials to build tools for agriculture, hunting Fuel Plants used for weaving products, such as mats, hats, baskets Products which can be sold Animals (lemurs, tenreks, fish etc.) 3 Results 3.1 The general importance of fragments Forested landscapes are of indisputable high importance for the rural people living in the presented research area. But the local population perceive the massif and fragments as two types of landscapes with different importance. As illustrated in Figure 1 the importance of fragments becomes significantly higher with increasing distance to the massif (Analysis of variance: F 3,18 = 4.21, P = 0.02). The relatively high importance of fragments in the nearest village to the massif (Ambofampana) can be explained by the qualitative and quantitative still high availability of NTFPs and timber in these fragments. Because the population density is low, fragments are not much degraded and the difference of diversity between the massif and the fragments is not very high. Figure 1: The perceived importance of forested landscapes, including all categories of goods and products (see Methodology, 2.3 Scoring exercises) Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking into account local people’s livelihood systems for a better management of fragments 631 Moreover, in our research area we found an important traditional rule concerning the right to convert forest fragments into agricultural land. Only farmers being owners of the land surrounding the forest fragments have the right to clear these forests. This is a crucial rule as it is depending on the individual household whether a fragment will be cleared or not. Therefore we asked households which still have forest fragments situated next to their agricultural territories why they did not clear their fragment until this day. Figure 2 indicates the obvious changing interest for forest fragments with increasing distance to the massif. Households near the massif see fragments mainly as a soil reserve for future conversion into agricultural land. Interesting is that this can not be a question of land availability, as households near the massif have around twice as much available agricultural land per households as families far from the massif do. Thus households far from the massif should be more interested in forest conversion, but they do not seem to be. Households far from the massif are more interested in the goods produced by forest fragments. Therefore our conclusion suggests that the perception of the importance of forest fragments changed with increasing scarcity of forest resources. On the one hand, people living far from the massif notice the growing concurrence on products from forested landscapes. On the other hand they have already been aware that forests are disappearing and are exhaustible. People near the massif generally think that forests are inexhaustible and they still have more than enough to satisfy their principal needs related to forests. Near massif Far massif Figure 2: Reasons for the preservation of forest fragments 3.2 Changing importance of forests for income In this section we explore the importance of forested landscapes more through the lense of monetary income resulting from forest products (see Table 1). Especially during periods of rice shortage, households are strongly depending on alternative income to buy food. Then, logging and timber transport become important sources of income. Farmers living near the forest massif still find precious wood in the massif, whereas farmers living far from the forest massif have to find wood in the surrounding fragments, where precious woods are already becoming scarce. Nevertheless, as shown in Figure 3, farmers living far from the massif have the higher income by timber activities than farmer living near the massif (Analysis of variance: F 3, 102 = 2.86, P = 0.040). Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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Management and conservation of Medi
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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