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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pattern of soil macrofauna biodiversity in wildlife refugee of Karkhe in Southwestern Iran 49 used to classify the spatial dependence of soil properties. In this study we used similar criteria to those reported by Sun et al., (2003). The variable is considered to have a strong spatial dependence if the ratio is less than 25%, and has a moderate spatial dependence if the ratio is between 25% and 75%; otherwise, the variable has a weak spatial dependence. Soil macrofauna abundance and diversity were moderately spatially dependent (Table 2). The range of influence is considered as the distance beyond which observations are not spatially dependent. This distance ranged from 1326 m for soil macrofauna diversity to 1724 m for abundance (Table 2). The maps obtained by kriging for soil macrofauna abundance and diversity are shown in Fig. 2. Table 1. Mean, standard deviation (S.D.), coefficient of variation (CV), minimum and maximum values of for soil macrofauna abundance and diversity Index mean S. D C.V (%) minimum maximum Abundance (indiv. m -2 ) 43.1 73.9 171 0 480 Shannon (H’) 0.55 0.51 92 0 1.9 Table2. Variogram model parameters for soil macrofauna abundance and diversity Index Model Sill Nugget Nugget/ Sill (%) Range(m) abundance spherical 1.13 0.59 52 1724 Shannon (H’) spherical 0.27 0.153 55 1326 (A) (B) Fig.1. Variograms of (A) Log transformed data for soil macrofauna abundance and (B) soil macrofauna diversity Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pattern of soil macrofauna biodiversity in wildlife refugee of Karkhe in Southwestern Iran 50 3554000 3554000 3552000 3552000 3550000 3550000 3548000 River 3548000 River 3546000 3546000 3544000 3 3544000 1 2.2 0.8 3542000 3542000 0.6 N 3540000 0 1000 2000 237000 239000 241000 243000 1.4 0.6 N 3540000 0 1000 2000 237000 239000 241000 243000 0.4 0.2 4. Discussion Fig.2. Distribution of soil macrofauna diversity: A – Abundance, B –Shannon H index This study showed that soil macrofauna abundance and diversity were spatially autocorrelated within the range of 1519 and 1937 meters. In line with our result Gongalski et.al., (2008) reported the spatial autocorrelation for soil macrofauna abundance and diversity in Mediteranean forest in Russia. Typically these structures constitute one source of the nugget variance of the variograms (Rossi, 2003). However, the variograms reported here featured a somewhat high ratio of nugget variance to sill (Table 2). This result showed that there was the small-scale variability and important proportion of unexplained variance (Rossi, 2003, Gongalski et.al., 2008,). Spatial distribution of soil macrofauna at large scales may be influenced by factors like gradients in soil organic matter (quantity and or quality), texture and vegetation cover structure (Ettema & Wardle 2002). These factors together with intrinsic population processes constitute proximate controlling factors of population structure (Rossi, 2003). References Barrios, E. 2007. Soil biota, ecosystem services and land productivity. Ecological Economics, 24(2):269-285. Coulson, R.N., McFadden, B.A., Pully, P.A., Lovelady, C.N., Fitzgerald, J.W., Jack, S.B., 1999. Heterogeneity of forest landscape and the distribution and abundance of southern pine beetle. Forest Ecology and Management, 114: 471-485. Ettema, C. H., Wardle, D. A. 2002. Spatial soil ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17, 177–183. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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Page 52 and 53: S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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S.G. Plexida & A.I. Sfougaris 2010.
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A. Poljanec & A. Boncina 2010. Chan
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M. Redon & S. Luque 2010. Tengmalm
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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S.M. Carvalho & A.R. de Freitas 201
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Quant
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I. Duarte & F.C. Rego 2010. Land us
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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F.J. Gómez et al. 2010. Land use c
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Iden
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.T.C. Rodrigues & V. Silva 2010. L
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J. Schaefer-Santos & C. Lingnau 201
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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A.L. Teixido et al. 2010. Impacts o
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Assessin
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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J.C. Azevedo et al. 2010. Spatial d
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T. Batista et al. 2010. The third d
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V. Caboun 2010. New classification
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A.M. Carvalho et al. 2010. Connecti
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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A.M. Geraldes & M.J. Boavida 2010.
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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A. Migliozzi et al. 2010. Land-use
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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P. Angelstam & M. Elbakidze. 2010.
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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M. Elbakidze et al. 2010. Does fore
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F. Fonseca & T. de Figueiredo 2010.
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A. Gil-Tena et al. 2010. Disentangl
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M.B. Horta & E. Keizer 2010. Assess
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E. Kouhgardi & M. Akbarzadeh 2010.
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Kouhgardi et al. 2010. Values of
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E. Schimanski 2010. The importance
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L.A.M. da Silva & E. Shimanki 2010.
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N. Stryamets et al. 2010. Role of n
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E. Volkova 2010. The regional analy
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I. Löfström et al. 2010. Biodiver
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I. Löfström et al. 2010. Biodiver
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A.C.R. de Oliveira & S.M. Carvalho
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I. Silva et al. 2010. Lisbon’s pu
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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E.R. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Multi
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J.L. Hernández-Stefanoni et al. 20
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E. Uuemaa et al. 2010. Spatial grad
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E. Penot 2010. Socio-economic diagn
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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S. Decout et al. 2010. Connectivity
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S. Joost et al. 2010. GEOME. Toward
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S.R. Freitas et al. 2010. The effec
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B. Terrones et al. 2010. Detecting
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M. Kolström et al. 2010. Is it pos
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J.P. Nunes et al. 2010. Impacts of
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Management and conservation of Medi
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P.M. Fernandes et al. 2010. Testing
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E. Andrieu et al. 2010. When forest
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D. Geni et al. 2010. A framework fo
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A. Ouin et al. 2010. Do wooded elem
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C. Estreguil & G. Caudullo 2010. Ha
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J.M. Rey Benayas 2010. Restoration
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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