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I. Löfström et al. 2010. Biodiversity and recreational values in urban participatory forest planning in Finland 612 Today, more than half of the municipalities use participatory planning for their forests. There are various approaches for participatory planning. Municipalities arrange meetings for the general public, invite inhabitants and stakeholders to take part in planning groups, or inquire the expectations and wishes of inhabitants by using questionnaires. The use of the Internet as a means of interaction has also increased. Some municipalities were not very satisfied with the achievements gained with public participation. One of the practical problems was the integration of various qualitative feedback truly into forest planning -the question is how to combine the different wishes of users and owners in the actual planning process. In addition clear objectives for public participation were often lacking. In Puijo's case the opinions of the users of Puijo and citizens living near the area were studied in the beginning of forest planning process and opinions were well taken into account e.g. in the creation of the plan alternatives. Citizens had different views concerning management methods that could be applicable to Puijo forest. Some citizens wanted more intensive management in future and accepted even clear cuttings in Puijo, although quite many of the citizens perceived most of all biodiversity and untouched Puijo forest in future. The study showed that many citizens had emotional relationship to Puijo and this makes the attitudes and opinions towards forest management stronger. The study results also indicate that most municipalities do not have clear objectives for planning and managing urban forests. Most of the municipalities had a management plan for their forests. In some municipalities, these plans covered only commercial forests. However, there was considerable variation in the planning standards and practices. In most cases, alternative forest plans and management schedules were missing. Roughly one fifth of the municipalities have drawn up a strategic urban forest plan for their forests, setting down principles for planning and management for the next ten years. 4. Discussion Nature-oriented forest management was preferred more in municipally owned recreational forests than in commercial forests. In fact, since the 1980’s, there has been significant shift in urban forest management practice towards the consideration of forest aesthetics, recreation and biodiversity (Löfström 1990). The similar trend has occurred also in the management of urban forests in the other Nordic countries (Gundersen et al. 2005). Nature-oriented forest management was regarded as a way to increase both ecological and aesthetic values. However, there were some contradictions between the enhancement of recreational use and the biodiversity of the forests. Participatory planning is a rather new tool for integrating aesthetic and ecological values for the management of urban forests. The use of this method for urban forest planning in municipalities has increased clearly: in the year 2006 it was three times more common than in 2000 (Löfström 2001, 2006). Thus, the participatory planning of municipally owned urban forests has become almost a rule in recent years in Finland. Also a clear strategic viewpoint for owning forests is becoming more widespread. In the year 2000, only 6 % of municipalities had already completed a strategic urban forest plan for their forests, whereas the percentage in 2006 was about 20. Municipalities had actively inventoried biodiversity values of urban forests and involved local inhabitants and stakeholders into forest planning processes. However, the practical problems were e.g. the integration of various qualitative data into forest planning process and the lack of objectives for planning and management of forests and participation. These problems were partly due to insufficient resources and a lack of forest practitioners in municipalities. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
I. Löfström et al. 2010. Biodiversity and recreational values in urban participatory forest planning in Finland 613 Participatory planning of Puijo forest was a challenging process when trying to integrate a range of different values into the management and to cope with the strong emotions, opinions and expectations of the citizens. Multiple values, for example recreation, aesthetics and biodiversity have to be taken into consideration when managing Puijo forest in future. Multi-functional forest planning, multi-criteria decision analysis and advanced decision-support tools are rather new approaches in the field of urban forestry. However, this study showed that these modern methods could be useful tools for integrating multiple values – such as recreational, ecologic, cultural, aesthetic values- into planning process and thus to improve the quality of urban forest planning. References Forrest, M., Randrup, T.B., and Konijnendijk, C.-C. (Eds.) 1999. Urban forestry - research and development in Europe. Report of COST Action E12 'Urban Forests and Trees' on the state of the art of urban forestry research and development in Europe. European Union, COSTprogramme, Brussels, 363 p. Gundersen, V., Frivold, L.H., Löfström, I., Jorgensen, B.B., Falck, J. & Oyen, B.-H. 2005. Urban woodland management - The case of 13 major Nordic cities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 3(3-4): 189-202. Löfström, I. 1990. Kaupunkien ja kuntien metsien hoito. Summary: The management of municipal forests. Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection Department. Publication 87, 118 p. Löfström, I. 1996. The management of urban forests in Finland. In: T.B. Randrup and K. Nilsson (Eds.). Urban Forestry in the Nordic Countries. Danish Forest and landscape Research Institute. Löfström, I. 2001. Taajamametsät suunnittelun kohteena. (In English: Planning of urban forests) In: Kangas, J. & Kokko, A. (Eds.). Metsän eri käyttömuotojen arvottaminen ja yhteensovittaminen. Metsän eri käyttömuotojen yhteensovittamisen tutkimusohjelman loppuraportti. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja 800: 260-261. Löfström, 2006. Municipalities keen on biodiversity in their forests. METSO Newsletter 4, 4 p. Löfström, Mikkola, N. & Tenhola, T. 2007. Kuntien virkistys- ja ulkoilumetsät. Julkaisussa: Syrjänen, K., Horne, P., Koskela, T. & Kumela, H. (toim). METSOn seuranta ja arviointi – Etelä-Suomen metsien monimuotoisuusohjelman seurannan ja arvioinnin loppuraportti. Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö, ympäristöministeriö, Metsäntutkimuslaitos ja Suomen ympäristökeskus, Vammala: 234–239. Löfström, Kurttila, M., Mikkola, N., Pykäläinen, J. & Tikkanen, J. 2008a. Multifunctional planning of municipally owned urban forests in Finland. Julkaisussa: Sipilä, M., Tyrväinen, L. & Virtanen, E. (toim.). Forest Recreation & Tourism Serving Urbanized Societies. Joint Final Conference of Forest for Recreation and Tourism (COST E33) and 11th European Forum on Urban Forestry (EFUF) 28.-31.5.2008, Hämeenlinna, Finland. Abstracts. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Hansaprint Oy, Vantaa. p. 25. Löfström, Mikkola, N., Kurttila, M., Leskinen, P., Hujala, T., Jauhiainen, S. & Räsänen, J. 2008b. Puijon metsäalueen hoidon ja käytön vuorovaikutteinen suunnittelu. Kuopion kaupunki, 27 p. Mikkola, N., Pykäläinen, J., Löfström, I., Kurttila, M. ja Tikkanen, J. 2008. Kuntametsien suunnittelun tiekartta -hankkeen loppuraportti. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen työraportteja 68. http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2008/mwp068.htm Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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A. Migliozzi et al. 2010. Land-use
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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M. Rehor & V. Ondracek 2010. Applic
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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Section 7 Management and sustainabi
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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Management and conservation of Medi
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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