Landscapes Forest and Global Change - ESA - Escola Superior ...

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M.B. Horta & E. Keizer 2010. Assessment of human and physical factors influencing distribution of vegetation degradation 574 In the savannah and rocky shrublands formations the human factor distance to tourist sites presented a significant negative correlation with vegetation degradation. The tourist visitation is higher in the southern part of the EPA, where Ouro Preto county and the Andorinhas waterfall are located. In protected areas in Costa Rica and Belize, Farrell and Marion (2001) also found that intense tourist visitation can degrade natural resources and contribute to vegetation damage and loss. The authors argued that successful ecotourism and protected area management needs effective management of natural areas for visitor enjoyment and resource protection. References Coutinho, L. M., 1990. Fire in Ecology of the Brazilian Cerrado. In: J. G. Goldammer (Ed.). Fire in the Tropical Biota - Ecosystem Processes and Global Challenges (Vol. 84). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. De Pietri, D. E., 1992. The search for ecological indicators: is it possible to biomonitor forest system degradation caused by cattle ranching activities in Argentina Vegetatio : acta geobotanica, 101(2), 109-121 (114). De Pietri, D. E., 1995. The spatial configuration of vegetation as an indicator of landscape degradation due to livestock enterprises in Argentina. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 857-865. Eswaran, H., Lal, R. and Reich, P. F., 2000. Land degradation: An overview. In: E. Michael Bridges, R. N. Leslie, T. Compo and A. Prueskspong (Eds.). Response to Land Degradation. Enfield, New Hampshire: Science Publishers, Inc. Farrell, T. A. and Marion, J. L., 2001. Identifying and assessing ecotourism visitor impacts at eight protected areas in Costa Rica and Belize. Environmental Conservation, 28(3), 215- 225. Guerrero-Campo, J. and Montserrat-Martí, G., 2000. Effects of soil erosion on the floristic composition of plant communities on marl in northeast Spain. Journal of Vegetation Science, 11, 329-336. Hargyono., 1993. Occurence and prediction of forest degradation : a case study of Upper Konto watershed, East Java, Indonesia. Unpublished MSc-thesis, ITC - International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Enschede. Hofstad, O., 1997. Degradation processes in Tanzanian woodlands. Forum for Development Studies, 1, 95-115. Jongman, R. H., ter Braak, C. J. F. and van Tongeren, O. F. R., 1987. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Wageningen: Pudoc. Kakembo, V., 2001. Trends in vegetation degradation in relation to land tenure, rainfall, and population changes in Peddle district, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Environmental- Management, 28(1): 39-46. Kembron, T., 2001. Natural regeneration of degraded hillslopes in Southern Wello, Ethiopia: a study based on permanent plots. Applied Geography, 21(3), 275-300. Mather, A. S., 1990. Global forest resources. London: Belhaven Press. Michael Arnold, J. E. and Dewees, P. A., 1997. Farms, Trees & Farmers. Response to Agricultural Intensification. London: Earthscan Publications LTD. Mistry, J., 2000. World Savannas - Ecology and Human Use. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited. Rizzini, C. T., 1979. Tratado de Fitogeografia do Brasil. Aspectos sociológicos e florísticos. ( Vol. 2). São Paulo: Hucitec - Edusp. Talbot, L. M., 1986. Demographic factors in resource depletion and environmental degradation in east African rangeland. Population and developement review, 12(3), 441-451. Verweij, P.A., 1995. Spatial and Temporal Modelling of Vegetation Patterns – Burning and grazing in the paramo of Los Nevados National Park, Colombia. Phd-thesis, ITC - International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Enschede. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
E. Kouhgardi & M. Akbarzadeh 2010. Role of planted forests and trees outside forests in sustainable forest management 575 Role of planted forests and trees outside forests in sustainable forest management in Iran E. Kouhgardi 1* & M.Akbarzadeh 2 1 Islamic Azad University, Boushehr Branch, Boushehr, Iran. 2 Islamic Azad University, Myianeh Branch, Myianeh, East Azarbaijan, Iran Abstract From a forestry point of view, Iran is divided into five vegetation regions and during the period 1960-1999, afforestation amounted to 2,221,000 ha total area planted. The annual rate forest plantations establishment is 63,000 ha, the majority being implemented under government investment. The state grants substantial support to promote private investment in fast growing tree species plantations, which amount to 150,000 ha of which, 35% are young stands. The present evaluation of Trees outside forests in Iran is incomplete for lack of comprehensive data and information. Collaborative efforts between government, municipalities, NGOs and citizens’ groups have led to the establishment of a quite dense network of urban and peri-urban forests in Iran, estimated in 1996 to be 530,288 ha. Result show that the current situation of Iran’s natural resources is a reflection of its past and present social, ecological, technological, economic, political and administrative measures. Technical or engineering solutions are not enough; they need to take into account the needs, priorities and aspirations of the rural poor. Keywords: Plantation, Forest, Tree, Urban, Establishment 1. Introduction Iran covers an area of 1.65 million km2, enclosed within 8,731 km of frontiers, of which 2,700 of coastline boundaries, and 6,031 of land borders. Almost 60% of the country is mountainous, while deserts of the High Central Plateau cover one third of the territory. Environmental characteristics are Owing to its highly contrasted topography, Iran displays a variety of climates ranging from hyper arid (centre and east regions) to Mediterranean semi-arid and sub-humid (mountain regions) and humid (Caspian coastal area, west Azerbaijan and southwest Zagros mountain range). With its mean annual rainfall of 253 mm, Iran is drought-prone; precipitations being erratic and highly variable. Being endowed with a rich diversity of ecosystems, plant and animal species, Iran is one of the world’s most important gene pools; it counts 8,200 plant species (1,900 endemic), over 500 bird species and 160 species of mammals. Five plant species, 20 mammals, 14 birds, 8 reptiles, 2 amphibians, 7 fish and 3 invertebrates are considered either endangered, or threatened and vulnerable. Historical evidence indicates that the vast, arid areas of central Iran were once covered with valuable range and forest vegetation. Human activities are believed to have strongly contributed to desertification. The main land use categories of Iran are the following: Forests [12.4 million ha - 7.4% of territory]; Rangelands [90 million ha - 55% of the country]; Deserts [34 million ha - 21% of the country]; Cultivated lands [23.6 million ha – 14.4 % of territory]) exceed by far the forest land area; Urban and rural settlements, infrastructures and * Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 917 775 9894 - Fax: +98 771 568 3700 Email address: kouhgardi@iaubushehr.ac.ir Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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S.M. Carvalho & A.R. de Freitas 201
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Quant
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I. Duarte & F.C. Rego 2010. Land us
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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F.J. Gómez et al. 2010. Land use c
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Iden
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.T.C. Rodrigues & V. Silva 2010. L
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J. Schaefer-Santos & C. Lingnau 201
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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A.L. Teixido et al. 2010. Impacts o
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Assessin
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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A. Migliozzi et al. 2010. Land-use
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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I. Silva et al. 2010. Lisbon’s pu
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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E.R. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Multi
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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S. Decout et al. 2010. Connectivity
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S. Joost et al. 2010. GEOME. Toward
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Management and conservation of Medi
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E. Andrieu et al. 2010. When forest
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D. Geni et al. 2010. A framework fo
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J.M. Rey Benayas 2010. Restoration
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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