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M. Elbakidze et al. 2010. Does forest certification contribute to boreal biodiversity conservation 556 Russian case study had the potential to host viable populations also of the most area-demanding focal species. To conclude, biologically relevant analyses are needed to assess functionality of set-asides for biodiversity conservation. We conclude that the potential of FSC for biodiversity conservation is dependent both on the amount of formal protection, the spatial configuration of forest management units, and the functionality and renewal of habitat networks. References Auld, G., Gulbrandsen, L. and McDermott, C. 2008. Certification schemes and the impacts of forests and forestry. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 33: 9.1 – 9.25. Aune, K., Jonsson, B.-J. and Moen, J. 2005. Isolation and edge effects among woodland key habitats in Sweden: Is forest policy promoting fragmentation Biological conservation, 124: 89-95. Brawn, N., Noss, R., Diamond, D. and M., Myers. 2001. Conservation biology and forest certification: working together toward ecological sustainability. Journal of Forestry, 18-25. Cashore, B., Auld, G. and Newsom, D. 2003. Forest certification (eco-labeling) programs and their policy-making authority: explaining divergence among North America and European case studies. Forest policy and economics, 5: 225-247. Cashore, B., van Kooten, C., Vertinsky, I., Auld, G. and Affolderbach, J. 2005. Private or selfregulation A comparative study of forest certification choices in Canada, the United States and Germany. Forest policy and economics, 7: 53-69. Eriksson, S. and Hammer, M. 2006. The challenge of combining timber production and biodiversity conservation for long-term ecosystem functioning – a case study of Swedish boreal forestry. Forest ecology and management, 237: 208 -217. Esseen, P.-A. and Renhorn, K.-E., 1998. Edge effects on an epiphytic lichen in fragmented forests. Conservational Biology, 12 6: 1307–1317 Gulbrandsen, L. 2005. The effectiveness of non-state governance schemes: a comparative study of forest certification in Norway and Sweden. International Environmental Agreements, 5: 125-149. Gulisson, R.F. 2003. Does forest certification conserve biodiversity Oryx, 37 (2): 154-165 Lambeck, R.J. 1997. Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conservation Biology, 11 (4): 849-856. Ostapowicz, K., Vogt, P., Ritters, K., Kozak, J. and Estreguil, C. 2008. Impact of scale on morphological spatial pattern of forest. Landscape ecology, 23: 1107-1117. Rametsteiner, E. and Simula, M. 2003. Forest certification – an instrument to promote sustainable forest management Journal of environmental management, 67: 87-98. Russian National Forest Stewardship standard. 2008. Swedish FSC standard for forest certification. 2010. Taylor P., Fahrig, L. and With,K. 2006. Landscape connectivity: a return to the basics. In: Crooks, K. and Sanjayan, M. (Eds). Connectivity conservation. Cambridge University Press: 29 - 43. Taylor, P. and Fahrig, L., Henein, K., Merriam, G. 1993. Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikis, 68 (3): 571-572. Vogt, P., Riitters, K., Estreguil, C., Kozak, J., Wade, T. and Wickham, J. 2007. Mapping spatial patterns with morphological image processing. Landscape ecology, 22:171-177. Vogt, P., Riitters, K., Iwanowski, M., Estreguil, C., Kozak, J. and Soille, P. 2007. Mapping landscape corridors. Ecological Indicators, 7 (2): 481-488. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
F. Fonseca & T. de Figueiredo 2010. Impact of tree species replacement on carbon stocks in forest floor and mineral soil 557 Impact of tree species replacement on carbon stocks in forest floor and mineral soil Felícia Fonseca * & Tomás de Figueiredo Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança (ESAB/IPB), Apartado 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal Abstract This study aims at evaluating the influence of replacing areas of Quercus pyrenaica, which represents native vegetation of Serra da Nogueira, NE of Portugal, by Pseudotsuga menziesii on carbon stocks in forest floor and mineral soil. Three sampling areas were selected in adjacent locations with similar soil and climate conditions. The first area, covered by Quercus pyrenaica (QP), represents the original soil. The second area is in a 40 years old stand of Pseudotsuga menziesii (PM40), and the third one, also under Pseudotsuga menziesii, is 15 years old (PM15). In each sampling area, at 10 randomly selected points, samples were collected in the forest floor (0.49 m 2 quadrat) and in the soil (at 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm depth). The forest floor stores 17, 13 and 6% of total carbon for PM40, PM15 and QP, respectively. Four decades after species replacement, a soil organic carbon loss is observed, although no significant differences were found when comparing soil under introduced (PM) with original species (QP). A carbon loss of around 30%, in PM15, and gains of about 10%, in PM40, are computed when considering mineral soil and forest floor together. Keywords: Quercus pyrenaica; Pseudotsuga menziesii; forest floor; soil organic carbon. 1. Introduction The increase in atmospheric carbon content, as expected considering actual trends, draws attention to the highly valuable role of forest ecosystems in the global carbon cycle (Eswaran et al., 1993). The majority of the native vegetation in Iberian peninsula (Portugal and Spain) have been replaced by other forest species, particularly fast-growing conifers plantations. Although this replacement may have beneficial economic consequences, it is essential to understand environmental effects such as in carbon sequestration for mitigation of greenhouse gases. The knowledge of the differences among species in what regards C sequestration should be a decision support tool when introducing new forest species and can be used strategically to reach environmental goals (Oostra et al., 2006; Schulp et al., 2008; Vallet et al., 2009). Species replacement implies changes in carbon stocks in forest floor and soil organic matter (Peltoniemi et al., 2004) because tree species litter quantity, quality and distribution in soil horizons have high influence in carbon storage (Oostra et al., 2006). Decomposition rate of plant residues can be slower or faster, depending on their nature. In general, it is accepted that organic residues from coniferous species decompose more slowly than broadleve species, for example, due to the presence of non-hydrolyzable polyphenolic compounds in litter (Faulds and Williamson, 1999). On the other hand, fast-growing species would accumulate carbon more rapidly than slow-growing species, but several studies shown that substitution leads to a carbon * Corresponding author. Email address: ffonseca@ipb.pt Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & T.K. Pereira 2010. Eval
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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S.G. Plexida & A.I. Sfougaris 2010.
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M. Redon & S. Luque 2010. Tengmalm
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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T.N. Terra & R.F dos Santos 2010. L
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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B. Baran-Zgłobicka & W. Zgłobicki
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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S.M. Carvalho & A.R. de Freitas 201
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Quant
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I. Duarte & F.C. Rego 2010. Land us
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J.S.V. Filho & M.L. Leite 2010. Sim
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F.J. Gómez et al. 2010. Land use c
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M.L. Leite & J.S.V. Filho2010. Anal
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M.L.Leite & J.S.V. Filho 2010. Iden
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M. Ortega et al. 2010. Monitoring v
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G. Puddu et al. 2010. Landscape tra
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H.R. Ratsimba et al. 2010. Multi-sc
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.T.C. Rodrigues & V. Silva 2010. L
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J. Schaefer-Santos & C. Lingnau 201
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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S.M. Scheffer & E. Schimanski 2010.
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J. Superson et al. 2010. The defore
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Assessin
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H. Viana & J. Aranha 2010. Mapping
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Section 6 Tools of landscape assess
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N. Avani et al. 2010. Investigation
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J.C. Azevedo et al. 2010. Spatial d
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V. Caboun 2010. New classification
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M. Deconchat et al. 2010. Identific
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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J. Gaspar et al. 2010. Visibility a
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A.M. Geraldes 2010. Landscape runof
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K. Koschke et al. 2010. Using a mul
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Assessing
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Page 530 and 531: A. Matos et al. 2010. Economic valu
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Page 566 and 567: M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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E. Volkova 2010. The regional analy
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E. Volkova 2010. The regional analy
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I. Löfström et al. 2010. Biodiver
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I. Löfström et al. 2010. Biodiver
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A.C.R. de Oliveira & S.M. Carvalho
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I. Silva et al. 2010. Lisbon’s pu
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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E.R. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Multi
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J.L. Hernández-Stefanoni et al. 20
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E. Penot 2010. Socio-economic diagn
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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S. Decout et al. 2010. Connectivity
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S. Joost et al. 2010. GEOME. Toward
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S.R. Freitas et al. 2010. The effec
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B. Terrones et al. 2010. Detecting
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M. Kolström et al. 2010. Is it pos
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J.P. Nunes et al. 2010. Impacts of
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Management and conservation of Medi
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P.M. Fernandes et al. 2010. Testing
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E. Andrieu et al. 2010. When forest
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D. Geni et al. 2010. A framework fo
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A. Ouin et al. 2010. Do wooded elem
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J.M. Rey Benayas 2010. Restoration
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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