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V. Caboun 2010. New classification and utilization of forest functions in landscape 471 fulfilment of these functions and mainly with regard to expected decisive factors influencing the existence and ecological stability of a concrete forest. Interlinking of functional effectiveness and ecological stability through the structure corresponding to site follows up with the proposal of starting points for the construction of the classification system of forest functions. 3. Results: Forest functions – classification and possibilities of their utilization In the proposal of the classification system of forest functions there are clearly distinct forest functions being perceived as the effect of forest on individual components of the environment from the utilization of these functions by a man. Systematic solution of the methodological approach to forest functions and their classification is presented in Figure 1. Figure 1 Ecosystem approach to forest and other communities of tree species in the landscape, their functions and possibilities of functions utilization in economic and social fields (Caboun 2005) We distinguish basic forest functions affecting abiotic components of the environment (air, water, soil) and biotic components (plants, animals, microorganisms, man). In this way tree species and their communities fulfil in the landscape edaphic, atmospheric, hydric and lithic function what concerns abiotic components of the ecosystem, and phytobiotic, zoobiotic, microbiotic and anthropic function what concerns biotic components of the ecosystem. In other words it is the quality and quantity of the effect of tree species and their communities on the soil, climate, water, rocks, plants, animals, microorganisms and man. These functions are divided into partial functions. For example edaphic function comprises soil forming, soil reclamation and soil protection functions, which consists of erosion control, anti deflation, anti slides function, avalanche control and bank protection function. A human society may use a complex of these functions for economic purposes or in a social area. Then forestry, water management, game management, agriculture, energy industry, food industry, building industry, chemical industry, cosmetics, pharmacy etc. belong to anthropic fields using forest functions in economic area. Similarly, forest functions may be used in social area, it means for recreation, curing, hygiene, for nature protection, formation and protection of the environment, science and research, education and training, aesthetics and arts, culture and history and others. Forest Landscapes and Global Change - New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal.
V. Caboun 2010. New classification and utilization of forest functions in landscape 472 This classification of forest functions creates a basic information base for the possibility of the utilization of the functions of tree species and their communities in the landscape by human society. The aim is to construct the classification system for the assessment of the potential of forest functions and real fulfilment of the functions of a forest growing in different site conditions and types of the landscape with various use and degree of anthropic changes. An emphasis will be put on the real state of forest, its current tree species composition, age and spatial structure, ecological stability considering not only historical development but also present state as well as its expected development, global and regional (mainly climatic) changes and anthropogenic effects, and social requirements and the interests of the forests owners. A new important element in the utilization of forest functions is financial reimbursement paid to the forest owner for the provided services Philosophy of practical use and methodology in detecting, classifying and valuation of forest functions in the landscape is expressed briefly in following points: • Setting apart a part of the landscape for the assessment and valuation of forest functions • Ecological-functional typifying of determined part of the landscape and attributing of corresponding (potential) communities of tree species • Evaluation of the difference of the structure of real forests with optimal structure of potential forests in the determined part of the landscape • Determination of ecological-stabilization rate (effect) of real forests in the determined part of the landscape (classification of ecological stability of forests and particular part of the landscape) • Assessment of real functionality of forests and communities of tree species in the determined part of the landscape from the viewpoint of their structure • Assessment of social requirements on the use of the determined part of the landscape and on fulfilment of the functions by forest tree species and their communities • Appraisal and valuation of forest functions with regard to the type of the determined part of the landscape and requirements on fulfilment and utilization of forest functions in the determined part of the landscape • Proposal of management and measures to optimise the structure of forests and their functions in the determined part of the landscape with regard to the state, ecological stability and financially grounded requirements on the use of forest functions and the functions of communities of tree species in this particular part of the landscape. From the viewpoint of prediction of the development of fulfilment and utilization of the functions of tree species communities in the landscape it must be noted that as it is possible with ecological stability to determine its probable development on the basis of supposed changed of site conditions and the structure of forest ecosystem, it is also possible to predict the development of the capability of this ecosystem to fulfil individual functions in the landscape or environment. But it is very difficult to predict the need, capability and social willingness of the utilization of these functions with their adequate financial reimbursement. It is possible and appropriate to present in graph the comparison of potential and present fulfilment of the functions by tree species and their communities in the studied area. Similarly, real utilization of the functions of tree species and their communities on the studied territory as well as comparison of real utilization of the functions with social order can be illustrated in graph. 4. .Discussion and conclusion From insinuated way is possible to compare real possibilities of particular ecosystem to fulfil required functions what subsequently shows the need of the management of this ecosystem. The Forest Landscapes and Global Change - New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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A. Ruskule et al. 2010. Patterns of
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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N. Fracassi & D. Somma 2010. Partic
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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J.O. López-Martínez et al. 2010.
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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R.S. Moro & C.H Rocha 2010. A metho
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V. Núñez et al. 2010. Landscape i
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M.C.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Contr
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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E. Tetetla-Rangel et al. 2010. Rela
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Charact
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M.L Porto et al. 2010. Naturalness
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J. Russell et al. 2010. Developing
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M. Castro et al. 2010. Relationship
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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B. Terrones et al. 2010. Detecting
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M. Kolström et al. 2010. Is it pos
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Management and conservation of Medi
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D. Geni et al. 2010. A framework fo
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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