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T. Batista et al. 2010. The third dimension in landscape metrics analysis applied to central Alentejo – Portugal 463 2. Methodology 2.1 Characterization of study area The study area is located in Central Alentejo, South of Portugal. It covers about 7.400 sqkm and has about 175000 inhabitants, concentrated in small and median villages and cities. Altimetry varies between 7 and 648 m. We selected 11 sample areas, of 100 sqkm each, located along Central Alentejo, representing 15% of the total area (figure 1). 2.2 Local Landscape Units (LLU) The definition of landscape units (paths) was based on Corinne Land Cover level 5 (CLC N5) map at scale 1:10.000 (Batista in press), altimetry (MDT 25m) and soil units (at sale 1:25.000). Land cover (LC) map applies hierarchical CLC N5 legend developed by Guiomar et al (2006, 2009), with 295 LC classes. The land cover map was elaborated using digital ortophotomaps from 2005 (from DGRF 2006) and field validation at the end of 2008. The LC map has been previously generalized to create the LLU map. From the overlay of these maps derived 103 Local Landscape Units (LLU) (figura 2). 2.3 True Surface Area and Perimeter Calculation and Landscape Metrics 3D applied to landscape metrics implies to calculate those using true surface area and perimeter measurements (Hoechstetter 2009). Surface area provides a better estimate of the land area available than planimetric area, and the ratio of this surface area to planimetric area provides a useful measure of topographic roughness of the landscape (Jenness 2004). It was used LandMetrics-3D developed by Walz et al (2010), which is an ARCGIS extension that integrates the available tools for calculating true surface area developed by Jenness (2004, 2010) (http://www.jennessent.com/arcgis/surface_area.htm, last modified April 8, 2010) and the fragstats landscape metrics of McGarigal et al (2002). The application uses a moving window algorithm and estimates the true surface area for each grid cell using a triangulation method (Figure 3). Each of the triangles is located in three-dimensional space and connects the focal cell with the centre points of adjacent cells. The lengths of the triangle sides and the area of each triangle can easily be calculated by means of the Pythagorean Theorem. The eight resulting triangles are summed up to produce the total surface area of the underlying cell (for details see Hoechstetter et al 2008, Hoechstetter 2009 or Jenness 2010). The analytical process integrates the calculation of Patch, Class and Landscape metrics for the 11 sample areas, for 2D and 3D. The metrics analyzed where: Patch Geometry - Patch Area (Area) and Perimeter (Perim), Shape Metrics - Fractal Dimension (FractDim), Perimeter /Area Racio (Racio), Shape Index (Shape), Density/Edge Metrics - Edge Density (EdgeDens), Edge Contrast (Edgecont), number of patches (Numofp), Surface Metrology – Average Roughness (Avrough) and RMS Roughness (RMSrough). 3. Results The statistical analysis involved 221.382 records generated by 3D-LandMetrics software, for the 2 dimensions (2D and 3D), 11 sample areas and 9 landscape metrics. An ANOVA with multiple comparing of means (LSD de Fisher method) was run (table 3), resulting in pairwise comparison, for p
T. Batista et al. 2010. The third dimension in landscape metrics analysis applied to central Alentejo – Portugal 464 analysis. However these results should be carefully interpreted as in previous research developed by Hoechstetter (2009), certain metrics groups do not reveal a significant difference between their 2D- and 3D-versions (e.g. shape metrics), and some of the algorithms (especially for the distance metrics) involve a considerable computational effort. Figure 1: Sample areas localization. Central Alentejo – Portugal Figure 2: Sample areas local landscape units Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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Section 9 Symposia
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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Management and conservation of Medi
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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