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M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Characterization of a Maculinea alcon population in the Alvão Natural Park (Portugal) 405 2. Methodology The method of repeated marking-release-recapture was used during June, July and August between 2007 and 2009 in order to estimate the parameters characterizing the maculinea population. This method consists in the capture of as many individuals as possible. Each captured adult was sexed and market with a number on the underside of the right hind wing, using a black permanent pen. Immediately after that, the butterfly was released at the same point of capture. After three days, sampling was repeated and the basic parameters of population dynamics were estimated on the basis of the rate marked vs unmarked M. alcon captured. Number of sampling days varied along the studied years. Jolly-Seber method was used to estimate population size and survival probability on those years. In 2009, at each point of capture and recapture, GPS coordinates were recorded and used to calculate the flight range of the butterflies. 3. Results In 2007, the capture took place between 11 to 31 July and a total of 265 butterflies were marked, 154 males and 111 females. Of the market butterflies, 70 (26.4%) were recaptured only once and 8 (3.0%) were recaptured twice during the sampling period. The recapture rate was 29.4%. In 2008, a total of 263 were marked between 14 July and 7 August, 141 males and 122 females. Only 17 of the total market butterflies were recaptured (6.5%). In 2009, 566 butterflies were marked between 13 July and 10 August with 318 males and 248 females. Of the market butterflies, 43 (7.6%) butterflies were recaptured only once and 2 butterflies were recaptured twice. Sex ratio was calculated for each sampling day (see Figure 1). Results showed differences in the way males and females behave during the study years. The total number of captured males was higher than females during the studied years. However, the sex ratio varied across the sampling days. Although in 2007 the sex ratio was always higher than 1, favourable to males, the rate of females increased gradually which could be registered on the last two years with an inversion of the sex ratio at the middle of the flight period with more females after 24 July. The result of the population size indicates that Maculinea alcon population has gradually increased along the study period (see Figure 2). In 2009, at the peak of the flight period, the estimated number of the butterflies was four times higher than in 2008 and even higher than in 2007. The flight range of the butterflies measured by using capture and recapture GPS coordinates (see Figure 3) showed that from the 43 recaptured butterflies in 2009 only 14 moved more than 0,05m (5 males and 9 females). On average, distances of about 11.7±3.2 m were recorded with maximum values of about 80 m with no significant differences between males and females flight range (F=0.13; gl=43; Sig=0.911). 4. Discussion Results showed differences in population characteristics across the studied years. Although the beginning of the flight period were almost the same (second week of July), the end differed between years with a shorter flight period in 2007. This could be due to weather conditions which was very rainy in the beginning of August 2007. Also, differences were obtained for sex ratio and behaviour characteristics of males and females. In the last two years, the rate of females increased gradually and the approximately 1:1 sex ratio was observed in the last third of the flight period. This is important in the balance of the population because at the beginning of the flight period the host plant used by females to lay the eggs is not flowering yet and that can compromise the success of larvae development. Identical results were obtained by Árnyas et al (2005) in a Maculinea rebeli population in Hungary. The mobility results of the butterflies indicate that their dispersal ability is very low. According to Thomas (1991) this could be a serious problem for their survival in the modern European landscape. The ability of dispersion Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
M.C. Rodrigues et al. 2010. Characterization of a Maculinea alcon population in the Alvão Natural Park (Portugal) 406 is very important in the successional habitats that this species inhabits (Johnson 2000). When the habitat becomes unsuitable it is necessary migration movements and available suitable sites within very short distances are desirable References Árnyas, E., Bereczki, J., Tóth, A., Varga, Z., 2005. Results of the mark-release-recapture studies of a Maculinea rebeli population in the Aggtelek karst (N Hungary) between 2002- 2004. In: Studies on the Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies in Europe. Vol2: Species ecology along a European gradient: buterflies as a model. Edited by J. Settele, E. Kuhn ans J. Thomas: 111-114. Johnson, M.P., 2000. The influence of patch demographics on metapopulations, with particular reference to successional landscape. Oikos 88:67-74. Munguira, M.L. and Martin, J., 1999. Action Plan for Maculinea Butterflies in Europe. In: Council of Europe Publishing, editor. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), Nature and Environment, 97, Strasburg. Thomas, J.A., 1991. Rare species conservation: Case studies of European butterflies. In: Spellerberg, I.f., Goldsmith, F. B., Morris, M. G. (eds), The Scientific Management of Temperate Communities for Conservation. Blakwell Scientific Publications, Oxford: 149- 197. Thomas, J.A., 1995. The ecology and conservation of Maculinea arion and other European species of large blue butterfly. In: A.S. Pullin, editor. Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 180-197. Van Swaay, C.A.M. and Warren, M.S., 1999. Red Data Book of European Butterflies (Rhophalocera). Nature and Environment 99. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg Wynhoff, I. 1998. The recent distribution of the European Maculinea species. J. Insect Conservation, 2: 15-27. Acknowledgement Authors would like to express their thanks to CITAB - UTAD who supported this work and a special gratitude to the Natural Park of Alvão and habitants of Lamas de Olo village for their contributions in our investigations. Forest Landscapes and Global Change-New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference, September 21-27, 2010, Bragança, Portugal. J.C. Azevedo, M. Feliciano, J. Castro & M.A. Pinto (eds.) 2010, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Landscapes Forest and Global Change
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The contributions to this volume ha
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Table of contents Foreword Preface
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Fine-scale mapping of High Nature V
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Characterization of a Maculinea alc
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Urban tree inventory and socio-econ
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xiii Foreword Twenty years ago, Dr.
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Section 1 Scaling in landscape anal
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V. Cortes et al. 2010. Environmenta
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D. S. de Ron et al. 2010. Habitat s
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B. Bożętka 2010. Recent relations
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S.F. Chen et al. 2010. A physiotope
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V.D. de Campos & S M. Carvalho 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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N.S. Evseeva & Z.N. Kvasnikova 2010
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S. Frank et al. 2010. A regionally
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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M. García et al. 2010. The effect
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S. Gholami et al. 2010. Spatial pat
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P. González-Moreno et al. 2010. Th
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T. Höbinger et al. 2010. Impact of
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P. Matos et al. 2010. Can lichen fu
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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E.S. Meier et al. 2010. Projections
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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H. Moutahir et al. 2010. Applicatio
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C. Palaghianu 2010. The use of Voro
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F. Peña-Cortés et al. 2010. Spati
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F.M. Rabenilalana et al. 2010. Mult
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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E. Sayad 2010. Nitrogen retrancloca
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G. Zhelezov 2010. Evaluation of the
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Section 3 Disturbances in changing
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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A. Altamirano et al. 2010. Human-ca
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T. Curt & J. Pausas 2010. Are chang
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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R.A Fleming et al. 2010. Forest man
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P.C. Goebel et al. 2010. How import
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L.R. Iverson et al. 2010. Merger of
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T.-C. Lin et al. 2010. Immediate ef
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K. L. Martin & P.C. Goebel 2010. Im
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G.M. Pastur et al. 2010. Indirect e
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E.W Saragih et al. 2010. Effects of
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L.R.P. Williamson et al. 2010. Anth
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N. Zurbriggen et al. 2010. Modeling
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Section 4 Biodiversity conservation
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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Akbarzadeh et al. 2010. Ecotourism
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C. Carvalho-Santos 2010. Fine-scale
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I. Catalano et al. 2010. Wood macro
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Exten
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R.A. Diaz-Varela et al. 2010. Asses
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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P.A.E. Diogo & J. Aranha 2010. GIS
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V. Etemad & N. Avani 2010. Investig
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A.E. Eycott et al. 2010. The impact
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E. Fernández-Núñez et al. 2010.
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J. Hartter et al. 2010. Fortresses
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M.B. Horta et al. 2010. Landscape S
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Sara Marques et al. 2010. Impact of
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M.G.C. Martins & J. Aranha 2010. El
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J.-F. Mas et al. 2010. Modeling lan
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M.C. Silva et al. 2010. Using Busin
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M. Tsibulnikova 2010. Economic esti
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M. Akbarzadeh & E. Kouhgardi 2010.
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J. Beldade & T. Panagopoulos 2010.
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Section 9 Symposia
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Z.L. Urech & J.P. Sorg 2010. Taking
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Measures of landscape structure as
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Network theory to conserve and reco
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Management and conservation of Medi
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IUFRO Unit 8.01.02 Landscape Ecolog
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